Abstract
Managing the declining yield of non-food crops has opened new strategic challenges amidst global uncertainties. The COVID-19 scenario has increased awareness of natural lifestyle and eco-friendly products, largely dependent on non-food crop material. This strategic shift requires moving beyond traditional farm practices to improve agricultural production efficiency, and developing countries in particular have shown a consistent loss in their self-sufficiency of industrial crops despite being major exporters of non-food crop materials. However, existing studies analyze production efficiencies of non-food crops from general or theoretical aspects often by virtual estimates from breaking down the multiple factors of crop productivity. This study examined multiple factors of crop production to identify “which crop inputs have been inefficiently used overtime” by tracking efficiency changes and various input issues in overall cotton production from practical aspects, i.e., scaling non-constant returns of those multiple factors would allow for the violation of various situations. Accordingly, a stochastic frontier approach was employed to measure the production frontier and efficiency relationship using time-series data of Pakistan’s cotton production from 1971–2018—a specific non-food crop perspective from a top-ranked cotton-producing country that has recently been shifted towards being a non-exporter of cotton due to low yield. The coefficient of area, seed, and labor indicates the positive relationship with cotton production, while fertilizer, irrigation, electricity, and machinery are statistically negative. This implies that policymakers need priority-based strategies for the judicial use of synthetic fertilizers, irrigation, a subsidy policy, and technology adoption, which could significantly improve the efficiencies of cotton productivity from the same land resources. Being adaptable to other developing economies, the analysis would strategically facilitate designing and developing affordable technology-driven solutions and their customized extensions towards sustainable non-food crop production practices and Agri-Resources efficiencies.
Highlights
Recent global uncertainties and life-threatening concerns have increased awareness of a healthier and natural lifestyle
The study finds a positive relationship between cotton productivity and the using cultivated area, cotton growth, which was significantly higher in those years when the government provided subsidy on the cotton crop as a farmer had more to spend on other productions factors
Recent global uncertainties have increased the awareness of affordable technologydriven agricultural solutions, which are contemporary demands of developing economies, mainly supported by agriculture practices and scarce resources
Summary
Recent global uncertainties and life-threatening concerns have increased awareness of a healthier and natural lifestyle It has increased the consumption of eco-friendly products and natural fibers, which demand the management of the declining cotton yield in developing countries to look beyond traditional farming practices [1,2]. Managing the constant declining productivity of non-food crops remains a challenge for developing countries [1] To handle this challenge, producers in these countries mainly follow traditional practices either by bringing new lands into production (extensification) or increasing the use of crop inputs (intensification) to increase the yield [3]. Some developing countries, which top producers of non-food crops, have started importing these crops
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