Evolution of Nanostructure and Metastable Phases at the Surface of a HCPEB-Treated WC-6% Co Hard Alloy with Increasing Irradiation Pulse Numbers

Yue Zhang,Fuyu Dong,Fuyang Yu,Yang Xu,Nathalie Gey,Nannan Zhang,Thierry Grosdidier,Wubin Geng,Shengzhi Hao,Chuang Dong

doi:10.3390/coatings7110178

Abstract

This work investigates the mechanisms of the microstructure evolution in the melted surface layers of a WC-6% Co hard alloy when increasing the number of pulses of irradiation by high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) treatment. After one pulse of irradiation, about 50% of the stable hcp WC phase was melted and resolidified into the metastable fcc form (WC1−x). When increasing the numbers of pulse irradiation, the WC phase decomposed into ultrafine-grained WC1−x plus nanosized graphite under our selected energy condition. Because of the rapidity of HCPEB carried under vacuum, the formation of the brittle W2C phase was avoided. In the initial Co-rich areas, where the Co was evaporated, melting and solidification led to the formation of nanostructures Co3W9C4 and Co3W3C. The volume fraction of the nano domains containing WC1−x, Co3W9C4, and Co3W3C phases reached its maximum after 20 pulses of irradiation. The improved properties after 20 pulses are therefore due to the presence of nano graphite that served as lubricant and dramatically decreased the friction coefficient, while the ultrafine-grained carbides and the nano domains contribute to the improvement of the surface microhardness and wear resistance.

Highlights

The application of energetic beams such as ion, electron, laser, and plasma has been of increasing interest as a means to modify the surface of metallic materials [1,2,3,4,5]
The samples of size φ15 mm × 5 mm were directly bought from a hard alloy factory
Figure traces observed from the samples before and and after the different number of high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB)

Summary

Introduction

The application of energetic beams such as ion, electron, laser, and plasma has been of increasing interest as a means to modify the surface of metallic materials [1,2,3,4,5]. Compared with continuous high-power beams, pulsed beam high-power systems have attracted more and more attention for surface treatment. Among these pulsed beam techniques, the high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) is relatively new [3,6] and exhibits substantial advantages in terms of simplicity, efficiency, reliability, relatively low cost, etc. Transfers into the surface layer (~μm) of material within a short pulse (~μs), leading to extremely fast heating or melting followed by rapid solidification (~107~9 K/s) [3,6,7]. This generally leads to the formation of a surface layer with improved

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Discussion

Conclusion