Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes associated prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are a rare but increasing clinical problem of listeriosis. We characterized two isolates of the same L. monocytogenes strain isolated within five years of each other from a recurrent human prosthetic joint infection. The two isolates although clonally identical were phenotypically distinct confirming that the original infection strain had evolved within the human host PJI environment giving rise to a phenotypically distinct variant. The recurrent PJI isolate displayed various phenotypic differences compared to the parental original PJI isolate including diminished growth and carbon source metabolism, as well as altered morphology and increased stress sensitivity. The PJI isolates were both diminished in virulence due to an identical truncation mutation in the major virulence regulator PrfA. Genome wide sequence comparison provided conclusive evidence that the two isolates were identical clonal descendants of the same L. monocytogenes strain that had evolved through acquisition of various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as insertion and deletion events (InDels) during a persistent human PJI. Acquired genetic changes included a specific mutation causing premature stop codon (PMSC) and truncation of RNAse J1 protein. Based on analysis of this naturally truncated as well as other complete RNAse J1 deletion mutants we show that the long-term survival of this specific L. monocytogenes strain within the prosthetic joint might in part be explained by the rnjA PMSC mutation that diminishes virulence and activation of the host immune system in a zebrafish embryo localized infection model. Overall our analysis of this special natural case provides insights into random mutation events and molecular mechanisms that might be associated with the adaptation and short-term evolution of this specific L. monocytogenes strain within a persistent human PJI environment.
Highlights
Listeriosis is a serious foodborne disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes, predominantly affecting people with weakened immune systems including neonates, pregnant women, elderly and immunocompromised individuals leading to serious illness with high mortality rates (European Food Safety Authority [EFSA], 2017;L. monocytogenes Evolution Within a prosthetic joint infections (PJI)Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2018; Radoshevich and Cossart, 2018)
Typing of these two isolates based on PCR and seven loci multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) assigned them both to PCR serogroup IIa, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) sequence type (ST) ST412 and clonal complex (CC) CC412
As such the original (N843_10) and relapse (N843_15) PJI isolates were clonal descendants and derivatives of the same L. monocytogenes strain responsible for the recurrent PJI episodes recorded five years apart
Summary
Listeriosis is a serious foodborne disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes, predominantly affecting people with weakened immune systems including neonates, pregnant women, elderly and immunocompromised individuals leading to serious illness with high mortality rates Infections usually manifest as meningitis, bacteremia, and feto-maternal complications, listeriosis can in rare cases present as focal infections in different organs including bone and joint (Allerberger and Wagner, 2010; Del Pozo et al, 2013; Chavada et al, 2014; European Food Safety Authority [EFSA], 2017; Radoshevich and Cossart, 2018). Listeria monocytogenes associated prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are on the rise probably in part due to the upsurge in prosthetic joint replacements in listeriosis high-risk groups (Charlier et al, 2012; Bush et al, 2015; Bader et al, 2016; Lenguerrand et al, 2018). These two strains were characterized using phenome and genome-based approaches to investigate the physiological and molecular adaptive changes that might have evolved during long-term exposure to the human hip prosthetic joint environment resulting in these two phenotypic variants of the same L. monocytogenes clone
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