Abstract
Respect for different sexual options and orientations prevents the occurrence of hate crimes against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGTBI) persons for this reason. Our aim was to review the legislation that protects the rights of LGTBI people and to quantify the victimization rates of hate crimes based on sexual identity and orientation. A retrospective observational study was conducted across all regions of Spain from 2011–2021. The laws on LGTBI rights in each region were identified. Hate crime victimization data on sexual identity and orientation were collected in annual rates per 100,000 inhabitants, annual percentage change and average change during the study period to assess the trend. The regulatory development of laws against discrimination against LGTBI individuals is heterogeneous across regions. Overall, in Spain there is an upward trend in the number of hate crime victimizations motivated by sexual identity or orientation. The effectiveness of data collection, thanks to better training and awareness of police forces regarding hate crimes and the processes of data cleansing and consolidation contributes to a greater visibility of hate crimes against LGTBI people.
Highlights
The statistical data on hate crimes in Spain were collected from reports of the Ministry of the Interior based on data obtained from the Statistical System of Criminality (SEC) [13]
The second group comprises the regions in which regulations focus on equality and comprehensive protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender expression and gender identity including the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex persons; and for the eradication of homophobia, biphobia and transphobia
Figure showsthe the classification different regions according to thetoaspects leglegislated
Summary
In the definition of sexual health published by the World Health Organization (WHO). In 2001, it was already established that it requires “a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relations, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence” [1]. The European Parliament passed Resolution 2001/2128 on sexual and reproductive health, making a set of recommendations to the governments of the European.
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