Abstract
The microscopic analysis of MAPbI3 elucidates the evolution of ferroelectric polarization and its impact on the performance of perovskite solar cells.
Highlights
Organic metal halide perovskites (OMH) are one of the most exciting material classes of the last decade which nd their application in perovskite solar cells, light-emitting diodes and other optoelectronic applications
MAPbI3 was deposited from lead iodide (PbI2) and methylammonium iodide (MAI) in a two-step process onto a glass/indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) substrate as described in our previous studies.[14,19]
We used piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) as a versatile characterization tool that allows probing of out-of-plane and in-plane piezoresponse independently
Summary
In early works, MAPbI3 thin- lms were investigated for ferroelectricity mostly by resonanceenhanced piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), consistently showing striped domain patterns with alternating piezoresponse.[13,14] The interpretation of this alternating piezoresponse, fueled a vivid debate on the ferroic properties of MAPbI3. While the alternating piezoresponse of domain assemblies generally is indicative of ferroelectricity, it was rightfully pointed out that the resonance enhancement during PFM measurements may induce measurement artefacts.[15,16,17] mobile ionic charges may populate the surface of the MAPbI3 layer and corrupt the measurement data.[18] While these are valid concerns, more recently, other observations and material properties were reported and correlated with PFM data in favor of ferroelectricity. Solar cells incorporating MAPbI3 layers with different polarization orientations show distinctly different current density– voltage (J–V) characteristics
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