Evolution of environmental impact assessment in a small developing country: a review of Lesotho case studies from 1980 to 1999

Abstract

Lesotho is a typical example of a small, developing country that has only recently introduced environmental legislation and policy, and which, because of the failure to do so earlier has experienced many environmental problems. This paper traces the evolution of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in Lesotho based on EIA reports from 17 major development projects undertaken between 1980 and 1999. Only seven projects had undergone any environmental assessment and only two conducted systematic EIAs. Formal scoping was seldom followed and public participation was lacking. Evaluation, mitigation measures and monitoring requirements were also inadequately addressed by most EIAs. External funding agencies, in particular the World Bank, and the National Environment Secretariat established in 1994 with the aid of the UN Development Programme are central to the formalisation of EIA. The Environment Bill (1998) and the EIA guidelines (1999) mark a major milestone in improved management of Lesotho's environment.