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Abstract
In 2014, a novel Avian orthoavulavirus 16 species was described among wild birds in Korea. In 2018, after massive parallel sequencing of archival strains of Avian orthoavulaviruses, isolated in 2006 in Central Kazakhstan, isolates belonging to this serotype were detected. The obtained data allowed to trace the evolution of this serotype in Asia and to reveal its evolutionary relationships with other Avulavirinae subfamily species. It was determined that Avian orthoavulavirus 16 is phylogenetically very close to Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus) in its genomic characteristics. It is known that Avian orthoavulavirus 1 is divided into two phylogenetically distant Classes I and II. Avian orthoavulavirus 16 turned out to be very close to lentogenic Class I, which circulates mainly among wild birds. It was suggested that Avian orthoavulaviruses 1 and 16 may have common evolutionary origin and in ecological terms, both serotypes are circulating among wild birds of the order Anseriformes (ducks and geese), but Avian orthoavulavirus 1 has gradually replaced Avian orthoavulavirus 16 from active circulation.
Highlights
Avian paramyxoviruses or, according to the new classification, Avian meta, para- and orthoavulaviruses (AOAV) belong to the subfamily Avulavirinae of Paramyxoviridae family, possessing linear negative-sense single-stranded RNA
In this paper we present the genetic analysis of an AOAV-16 isolate that was identified eight years before the Korean isolate; its evolutionary history may increase our knowledge about ecology of this genotype
Kazakhstan is situated at the center of the Eurasian continent, and its territory is crossed by numerous wild birds’ migration flyways
Summary
Avian paramyxoviruses or, according to the new classification, Avian meta-, para- and orthoavulaviruses (AOAV) belong to the subfamily Avulavirinae of Paramyxoviridae family, possessing linear negative-sense single-stranded RNA. The subfamily Avulavirinae currently contains twenty species (Avian meta-, para- and orthoavulaviruses 1–20) (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ICTV) based on hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and genetic analyses. The Paramyxoviridae family genome consists of six genes encoding the following proteins: nucleocapsid protein (NP); phosphoprotein (P); matrix protein (M); fusion protein (F); hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L), as well as two nonstructural proteins V and W (Lamb Robert and Parks Griffith, 2013). Avian metaavulavirus 6 possesses an additional small hydrophobic (SH) gene that is absent in other Avulavirinae subfamily representatives (Wilson et al, 2006). AOAV-1 (Newcastle Disease Virus) is one of the most threatening pathogens for poultry and causes significant economic loss. Other avulaviruses are less pathogenic but can potentially cause infection of respiratory or intestinal tracts of birds with varying degree of pathogenicity (Kim et al, 2012)
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