Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans. NoV, a member of the family Caliciviridae, is a single-strand and positive-sense RNA virus. GII.4 genotype is predominant in humans. The antigenic drift and shift easily occurred in GII.4 viruses, similar to influenza viruses. Novel variants of GII.4 NoVs have emerged every 2–3 years and caused gastroenteritis epidemics worldwide. The evolution mechanism of GII.4 viruses is involved in histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), sequence space, duration of herd immunity, and replication kinetics. These factors have been proposed to influence the rate of evolution in NoV. The development of NoV vaccine has been hindered by the rapid variation of NoV. Recently, virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines show promise development with availability of vaccines being targeted over the next several years. In addition, the establishment of in vitro infection model for NoV makes it possible to develop live attenuated or killed NoV vaccine.
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