Abstract
This study provides a newly updated perspective of information on severely screened 21 previous studies of the various measurement methods for improving physical fitness and providing determined cutoff values from our reserved elderly human database. We aimed to provide scientific evidence-based information regarding physical fitness standards for developing useful prognostics, promoting and maintaining health programs for sarcopenic elderly. 21 previous studies emphasizing criterion referenced standards and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses for improving physical fitness were screened. For predicting the prevalence of sarcopenia, the t-test, logistic regression, linear regression, ROC curve analyses, and voluntary categorizations such as the twentieth or sixtieth percentile classification were used. Based on these scientific evidences, we determined cutoff values from our reserved DB and realized that 75 years for men and 70 years for women are the transitional period during which there are large declines in muscle and fat mass (p < 0.01), which reflects physical function tests (p < 0.01) in both genders. Using the six factors with ideal cutoff thresholds, an individual exercise program can be designed for alleviating symptoms of frailty caused by sarcopenia for the elderly.
Highlights
Sarcopenia is a progressive deterioration of the loss of muscular mass and strength during aging [1, 2]
An abrupt decrease in muscle mass with rapidly increasing fat mass is shown in this age period; BMI, lean mass, per BF (p < 0:01); physiological variables such as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum glucose, and blood pressure (BP) do not significantly change in this age period
(2) We continuously traced ideal cutoff threshold values from our reserved elderly human DB and found that individuals aged from 75 years for men and 70 years for women are within the transitional age period for muscle mass (p < 0:01), which reflects the need for physical function tests in both genders (p < 0:01)
Summary
Sarcopenia is a progressive deterioration of the loss of muscular mass and strength during aging [1, 2]. According to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), prognostic criteria for considering the treatment of sarcopenia include muscle mass (quantitative aspect), muscle strength (qualitative aspect), and physical performance [3, 4]. Jung et al reported that a recommended diet may be associated with higher muscle mass function in Korean elderly people [5], and a traditional British dietary pattern is associated with a 2.1-fold increase in the risk of prevalent sarcopenia, even with adequate protein intake [6]. About 10% of community-dwelling older adults and 35% of them under institutional care fail to eat enough recommended daily protein intake (0.7 g/kg body weight/day) [7]. Physical fitness is an important and prerequisite condition for the suitable exercise treatment as an intervention for decelerating the progression of sarcopenia, at the very least
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