Evidence That Emotional Maladjustment Is Worse in Men Than in Women with Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of gender on adjustment and cognition in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (NES) and on patients with epilepsy. We compared 57 women and 27 men, all at least 16 years old, with only NES as documented by long-term EEG-video monitor studies, to equal numbers of randomly selected women and men with only epileptic seizures. Variables examined included age, age of onset, education, scales from the MMPI, the WAIS-R, and the number of tests outside normal limits from the Neuropsychological Battery for Epilepsy. We found no significant differences in mean age, intelligence, or percentage of neuropsychological tests outside normal limits across the four groups. Women and men with NES had significantly later age of onset of attacks compared with subjects of either gender with epilepsy (26 years vs 13 years, P < 0.001) and men with NES had greater educational achievement than women with NES or patients with epilepsy ( P < 0.02). However, the most important findings were seen on the MMPI. Men with NES exhibited significantly greater elevations on multiple scales (especially Hysteria, Depression, Hypochondriasis, Psychoasthenia, Schizophrenia) compared with men with epilepsy or women with either epilepsy or NES. We conclude that men with NES have significantly worse patterns of emotional adjustment, as measured by the MMPI, than women with NES or subjects of either gender with epilepsy.