Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency co-exists in patients with COVID-19. At this time, dark skin color, increased age, the presence of pre-existing illnesses and vitamin D deficiency are features of severe COVID disease. Of these, only vitamin D deficiency is modifiable. Through its interactions with a multitude of cells, vitamin D may have several ways to reduce the risk of acute respiratory tract infections and COVID-19: reducing the survival and replication of viruses, reducing risk of inflammatory cytokine production, increasing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 concentrations, and maintaining endothelial integrity. Fourteen observational studies offer evidence that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are inversely correlated with the incidence or severity of COVID-19. The evidence to date generally satisfies Hill’s criteria for causality in a biological system, namely, strength of association, consistency, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility (e.g., mechanisms), and coherence, although experimental verification is lacking. Thus, the evidence seems strong enough that people and physicians can use or recommend vitamin D supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 in light of their safety and wide therapeutic window. In view of public health policy, however, results of large-scale vitamin D randomized controlled trials are required and are currently in progress.
Highlights
Until the 21st century, vitamin D was primarily recognized for its role in regulating calcium and bone health and preventing rickets [1]
Of the 48 clinical trials on vitamin D and COVID-19 listed in the Clinical Trials registry maintained by the U.S government [18], only four will investigate prevention, and three of those are enrolling health care workers, a group that is highly exposed to COVID-19
The analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 actively upregulates angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in places where they’re typically expressed at low levels, including the lungs
Summary
Until the 21st century, vitamin D was primarily recognized for its role in regulating calcium and bone health and preventing rickets [1]. D profoundly influences immune cells and generally lowers inflammation [2,3]. Vitamin D is a powerful epigenetic regulator, influencing more than 2500 genes [4] and impacting dozens of our most serious health challenges, including cancer [5,6], diabetes mellitus [7], acute respiratory tract infections [8], and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis [9]. 1,122,733 deaths from COVID-19 by 19 October 2020. . Seasonal dependence: it began in winter in the northern hemisphere and both case and death rates were lowest in summer, especially in Europe, and rates began increasing again in July, August, or September in various European countries [10]; it is generally inversely correlated with solar.
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