Abstract
In drought temperate forest, seedling recruitment is highly dependent on seed burial by native animal dispersers. To prolong seed storage, animals often take measures to impede seed germination. Aiming to understand the strategic balance between the natural seed germination and the role played by animals in the constraint germination procedures, we investigated the stages on the germinated acorns of Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.) and the rodents’ behavior on the consequential delay in developmental processes of acorns in Mt. Taihangshan area of Jiyuan, Henan, China. The results showed that (1) Apodemus peninsulae Thomas excise radicles from germinated acorns before hoarding; (2) radicle-excised acorns re-germinate successfully if the excised radicle was un-lignified, but reverse if excised radicle was lignified; and (3) seedlings derived from radicle-excised acorns produce more lateral roots than that of sound acorns. We conclude that rodents take the radicle-excision behavior as a deliberate mechanism to slow the rapid germination of acorns; nevertheless, the acorns adaptively respond to this negative treatment and counteract the constraint from rodents by regermination to preserve the viability of the seeds. Consequently, this plays a significant role in forest recruitment. This study proves the new survival model of Chinese cork oak against animal predation, and will broaden theories of animal-forest interaction, forest succession and can be used as a meaningful venture to temperate forest restoration efforts.
Highlights
Habitat loss is a primary cause of biodiversity decline [1], and forest restoration is an important remedial measure contributing to biodiversity conservation in forest ecosystems [2]
Un‐lignified radicle stage (ULRS), referring to early stage: the divided into two stages: (1) un-lignified radicle stage (ULRS), referring to early stage: the growing growing radicle waswhite tender, whiteand in color, androot without hair and lateral root1c);
Independent-Samples t Test was used to analyze the influence of radicle-excision behavior on dry biomass of seedlings
Summary
Habitat loss is a primary cause of biodiversity decline [1], and forest restoration is an important remedial measure contributing to biodiversity conservation in forest ecosystems [2]. The distribution of rainfall is highly erratic in seasonality, with the dry season possibly extending for several months during winter (December–February) and the spring (March and April) [14,15] This persistent seasonal drought becomes an important stress to forest regeneration [16,17]. Seeds of white oak have a short dormancy period and can germinate rapidly in a suitable environment [21,23,24] This quick germination, characteristic of the oak seeds, deprives the food resource for hoarders because nutrients and energy of acorns would transfer rapidly from cotyledon into the radicle [25,26,27]. Acorns with radicles excised in the later growing period would lose their viability to germinate
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