Abstract
Pulsars and neutron stars are generally more massive than the Sun, whereas black holes have unlimited mass-spectrum, though the mass-gap between 2 - 5$M_\odot$, which applies for both classes, is evident and remains puzzling. Based on the solution of the TOV equation modified to include a universal scalar field $\phi$ at the background of supranuclear densities, we claim that pulsars must be born with embryonic super-baryons (SBs), that form through the merger of individual neutrons at their centers. The cores of SBs are made of purely incompressible superconducting gluon-quark superfluids (henceforth SuSu-fluids). Such quantum fluids have a uniform supranuclear density and governed by the critical EOSs for baryonic matter $P_b = \mathcal{E}_b$ and for $\phi-$induced dark energy $P_\phi= -\mathcal{E}_\phi.$ The incompressibility here ensures that particles communicate on the shortest possible timescale, superfluidity and superconductivity enforce SBs to spin-down promptly as dictated by the Onsager-Feynman equation, whereas their lowest energy state grants SBs lifetimes that are comparable to those of protons. The extraordinary long lifetimes suggests that conglomeration of SuSu-objects would evolve over several big bang events to possibly form dark matter halos that embed the galaxies in the observable universe. Having pulsars been converted into SuSu-objects, which is predicted to last for one Gyr or even shorter, then they become extraordinary compact and turn invisible. It turns out that recent observations on the quantum, stellar and cosmological scales remarkably support the present scenario.
Highlights
Pulsars and NSs are considered to be made of superfluids governed by triangular lattice of quantized vortices as prescribed by the Onsager-Feynman equation: ∫v ⋅ dl =2π mN v, dl, m here denote the velocity field, the vector of line-element, the reduced Planck constant and the mass of the superfluid particle pair, respectively
The internal structure of pulsars and UCOs looks as follow: 1) Pulsars are born with SB-embryos at their centers, which are made of an incompressible superconducting gluon-quark superfluid, 2) a dissipative neutron fluid that surrounds the SB, and 3) a geometrically thin boundary layer in-between (BL), where the residual of the strong nuclear force becomes dominant over the viscous forces
Most sophisticated EOS used to model the internal structure of NSs are based on central densities that are far beyond the nuclear density: an unknown density regime with great uncertainty
Summary
Pulsars and NSs are considered to be made of superfluids governed by triangular lattice of quantized vortices as prescribed by the Onsager-Feynman equation:. 106 neutron vortices must be expulsed/annihilated each second, and the object should switch off after 106 or 1013 yr, depending on the underlying mechanism of heat transport (see [1] [2], and the references therein) Both scenarios are contrary to observation, as numerous NSs have been found, which are older than 106 yrs, though non of them is older than 109 yrs. It is unlikely that trillions of Kilometer-long neutron and protons-vortices inside pulsars and NSs would behave differently In this case, u f should be replaced by a mean turbulent velocity u f with u max f being an upper limit. A comparable time scale for the Ohmic diffusion in this turbulent medium can be constructed as well This is in line with observations, which reveal that most isolated luminous NSs known are younger than 109 yr (see [6], and the references therein). Vela-type pulsar with αs ≈ 2 3 , the effect of compactness would shorten τ diff by almost one order of magnitude
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