Evidence of biosynthetic simplicity in the flavonoid chemistry of the ricciaceae

Abstract

The major flavonoids in Riccia crystallina are naringenin and its 7- O-glucoside, apigenin 7- O-glucoside and apigenin 7- O-glucuronide and derivatives. Ricciocarpus natans is a rich source of luteolin 7,3′-di- O-glucuronide and also contains the 7- O-glucuronides of apigenin and luteolin and the 3′- O-glucuronide of luteolin. A parallel between the production of biosynthetically simple flavonoids and reduced morphology is evident among these liverworts.