Abstract
Abstract During the 1960s geology obtained a coherent description of structures and processes in the surface layers of Earth. These theories are collectively termed plate tectonics. Radioactive decay and thus heat generation in the mantle leads to slow convective flow somewhat comparable with that in a viscous fluid exposed to heat from below: hot fluid rises in some places from the bottom to the surface, cools at the surface to sink down in other places. In a similar way molten magma rises in certain zones below the oceanic sea bottom and spreads to the sides as new ocean bottom. These spreading zones show through mid-oceanic ridges, volcanism, and hydrothermal vents.
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