Evidence for Spectropolarimetric Diversity in Type Ia Supernovae

Abstract

We present single-epoch, postmaximum spectropolarimetry of four Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) that span a range of spectral and photometric properties: SN 2002bf and SN 2004dt exhibit unusually high-velocity (HV) absorption lines. SN 1997dt is probably somewhat subluminous, and SN 2003du is slightly overluminous. We detect polarization modulations across strong lines in all four objects, demonstrating that all are intrinsically polarized. However, the nature and degree of the polarization varies considerably. Including all SNe Ia studied thus far, the following order emerges in terms of increasing strength of line-polarization features: ordinary/overluminous < subluminous < HV SNe Ia, with the strength of the line-polarization features increasing from 0.2% in the slightly overluminous SN 2003du to 2% in both of the HV SNe Ia in our study. The most convincing explanation for the line polarization of all objects is partial obscuration of the photosphere by clumps of intermediate-mass elements forged in the explosion; the polarization characteristics of the HV SNe Ia in particular effectively rule out a simple ellipsoidal asphericity as the root cause of their line polarization. That SNe Ia are separable into different groups based on their spectropolarimetric characteristics may help narrow down progenitor possibilities and/or explosion physics. In particular, the recently proposed gravitationally confined detonation model may provide an attractive explanation for many of the observed polarization characteristics of HV SNe Ia.