Abstract
The pre-Botzinger Complex is coextensive with a population of SP and DAMGO-sensitive inspiratory neurons, retained in the transverse slice preparation, which has been extensively used to study mechanisms for respiratory rhythm generation. Here, qualitatively different effects of peptidergic modulation were observed in two preparations reduced, and complete. The reduced preparation was either the standard transverse slice, or an en bloc preparation whose rostral margin corresponded with the rostral margin of the transverse slice. The complete preparation was an en bloc preparation whose rostral margin extended just past the vagus rootlets, approximately 600 μm past the rostral margin of the reduced preparation. In the reduced preparation, periods following peptider-gic modulation were distributed continuously, while in the complete preparation, periods were distributed multimodally. These observations suggest that additional rhythmogenic circuitry is retained in the complete preparation.
Highlights
To be effective, inspiratory muscles on the left and right sides must contract together
We have found that a prominent gap in the column of ventral respiratory group (VRG) The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) relays information from primary related parvalbumin cells [2] likely corresponds to the pBc since visceral receptors to the central nervous system and is critically parvalbumin cells are rare in this zone and never co-localize with involved in the reflex control of autonomic functions
The specific protein(s) necessary for longterm facilitation (LTF) is unknown, we recently found that episodic hypoxia and LTF are associated with elevations in ventral spinal concentrations of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Summary
Inspiratory muscles on the left and right sides must contract together. The left and right halves of the diaphragm are synchronised because a bilateral population of medullary premotor neurones [1] simultaneously excites left and right phrenic motoneurones. Transection studies demonstrate that each side of the brainstem is capable of generating respiratory rhythm independently [2], so that left and right medullary inspiratory neurones must themselves be synchronised. The interconnections and common excitation that accomplish such synchronisation are unknown in rats. The respiratory rhythm of hypoglossal (XII) nerve discharge in transverse medullary slice preparations from neonatal rats is thought to originate in the region of the ventral respiratory group (VRG); generated there by a combination of “pacemaker” neurones [1] and their interactions with other respiratory neurones. Our goal was to discover interconnections between left and right VRG neurones as well as their connections to XII motoneurones
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