Abstract
Why can beetles such as the ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata walk vertically or upside-down on a smooth glass plane? Intermolecular and/or capillary forces mediated by a secretion fluid on the hairy footpads have commonly been considered the predominant adhesion mechanism. However, the main contribution of physical phenomena to the resulting overall adhesive force has yet to be experimentally proved, because it is difficult to quantitatively analyse the pad secretion which directly affects the adhesion mechanism. We observed beetle secretion fluid by using inverted optical microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy, which showed the fluid secretion layer and revealed that the contact fluid layer between the footpad and substrate was less than 10–20 nm thick, thus indicating the possibility of contribution of intermolecular forces. If intermolecular force is the main physical phenomenon of adhesion, the force will be proportional to the work of adhesion, which can be described by the sum of the square roots of dispersive and polar parts of surface free energy. We measured adhesion forces of ladybird beetle footpads to flat, smooth substrates with known surface free energies. The adhesive force was proportional to the square-root of the dispersive component of the substrate surface free energy and was not affected by the polar component. Therefore, intermolecular forces are the main adhesive component of the overall adhesion force of the ladybird beetle. The footpads adhere more strongly to surfaces with higher dispersive components, such as wax-covered plant leaves found in the natural habitat of ladybird beetles. Based on the present findings, we assume ladybird beetles have developed this improved performance as an adaptation to the variety of plant species in its habitat.
Highlights
In the contact area between the footpad and substrate is essential for understanding the principles of adhesion in such biological systems
The possibility of beetle adhesion being mainly driven by intermolecular interactions was suggested by Stork (1980) for leaf beetles Chrysolina polita L.2, but little conclusive experimental evidence has been reported due to the difficulty of experimentation with live animals and in situ visualization of fluid layers
Footprints of the secretory fluid remain on the substrate surface after the beetle has walked on it
Summary
In the contact area between the footpad and substrate is essential for understanding the principles of adhesion in such biological systems. When the thickness of the fluid layer is further reduced (less than 10 nm), intermolecular interactions with the substrate surface become possible[13]. Smooth substrates, the adhesion is stronger when the fluid secretion layer is thinner[12]. In this study, inverted optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) was used to investigate and determine the thickness of the secretory fluid layer between the substrate surface and ventral surface of the spatulate terminal of the ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata L. To evaluate the contribution of intermolecular forces to the beetle tarsal adhesion, traction force measurements of beetles on flat, smooth substrates with different surface free energies were conducted. Two types of adhesion experiments were performed: dry contact in which intermolecular force is dominant and wet contact in paraffin oil in which capillary force is dominant. Liquid paraffin oil (a type of alkane) was used for the wet contact experiment in this study
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
