Abstract
Today, up to hundreds of RGB and W-LEDs are positioned in a vehicle’s interior context and are able to be individually controlled in intensity, color and sequence. However, which kind of illumination distracts or supports car occupants and how to define such a modern illumination system is still under discussion and unknown. For that, first a definition for an in-vehicle lighting system is introduced. Second, a globally distributed study was performed based on a free-access online survey to investigate in-vehicle lighting for visual signaling within 10 colors, eight positions and six dynamic patterns. In total, 238 participants from China and Europe rated color preferences, color moods, light-position preferences, differences between manual and autonomous driving and also different meanings for dynamic lighting patterns. Out of these, three strong significant (p < 0.05) color preference groups were identified with a polarized, accepted or merged character. For the important driving-signaling mood attention, we found a significant hue dependency for Europeans which was missing within the Chinese participants. In addition, we identified that light positioned at the door and foot area was globally favored. Furthermore, we evaluated qualitative results: men are primarily focusing on fast-forward, whereas women paid more attention on practical light usage. These findings conclude the need for a higher lighting-car-occupant adaptation in the future grounded by deeper in-vehicle human factors research to achieve a higher satisfaction level. In interdisciplinary terms, our findings might also be helpful for interior building or general modern cockpit designs for trains or airplanes.
Highlights
Background color for warning signsBackground color for information and guide signs.Proposal of signal light color for autonomous driving
We propose the following vision science-motivated sight of view [30] for the in-vehicle context: An in-vehicle lighting system is able to achieve visual and non-visual human stimuli, which are placed in an arbitrary driving or vehicle interior context
A detailed demographic overview of the participants is presented in Table 3: Table 3
Summary
To answer mentioned questioned before, a globally distributed study was rolled out in April 2021 and was finalized in November 2021. Realized as a global free-access online questionnaire, in an anonymous and self-hosted way, participants inside and outside China were asked to rate the state-of-the-art in-vehicle lighting systems, which are displayed, for the year 2021. Used internet-access devices like notebooks, tablets or smartphones were used to complete the online survey by applying responsible web design techniques in dark-mode. Out of the in-vehicle lighting context, the focus of this study was set to ambient illumination only realized as line-shape lights, displayed in 10 different colors at eight different positions. At the beginning of the survey, the user information was collected. These answerers can be used to identify: Personal: Living country, living region, age class and genders
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