Abstract
BackgroundNyssorhynchus darlingi (also known as Anopheles darlingi) is the primary malaria vector in the Amazon River Basin. In Brazil, analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously detected three major population clusters, and a common garden experiment in a laboratory setting revealed significant population variation in life history traits. Increasing temperatures and local level variation can affect life history traits, i.e. adult longevity, that alter vectorial capacity with implications for malaria transmission in Ny. darlingi.MethodsWe investigated the population structure of Ny. darlingi from 7 localities across Brazil utilizing SNPs and compared them to a comprehensive Ny. darlingi catalog. To test the effects of local level variation on life history traits, we reared F1 progeny from the 7 localities at three constant temperatures (20, 24 and 28 °C), measuring key life history traits (larval development, food-starved adult lifespan, adult size and daily survival).ResultsUsing nextRAD genotyping-by-sequencing, 93 of the field-collected Ny. darlingi were genotyped at 33,759 loci. Results revealed three populations (K = 3), congruent with major biomes (Amazonia, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica), with greater FST values between biomes than within. In the life history experiments, increasing temperature reduced larval development time, adult lifespan, and wing length in all localities. The variation of family responses for all traits within four localities of the Amazonia biome was significant (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Individual families within localities revealed a range of responses as temperature increased, for larval development, adult lifespan, wing length and survival time.ConclusionsSNP analysis of several Brazilian localities provided results in support of a previous study wherein populations of Ny. darlingi were clustered by three major Brazilian biomes. Our laboratory results of temperature effects demonstrated that population variation in life history traits of Ny. darlingi exists at the local level, supporting previous research demonstrating the high plasticity of this species. Understanding this plasticity and inherent variation between families of Ny. darlingi at the local level should be considered when deploying intervention strategies and may improve the likelihood of successful malaria elimination in South America.
Highlights
IntroductionNyssorhynchus darlingi ( known as Anopheles darlingi) is the primary malaria vector in the Amazon River Basin
Nyssorhynchus darlingi is the primary malaria vector in the Amazon River Basin
The Bayesian information criterion (BIC) of the K-means clustering algorithm implemented in adegenet [47] in preparation for discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) indicated K = 3 was the optimal number of clusters (Additional file 4: Figure S1b)
Summary
Nyssorhynchus darlingi ( known as Anopheles darlingi) is the primary malaria vector in the Amazon River Basin. The main vector and driver of this disease in South America is Nysorrhynchus darlingi ( known as Anopheles darlingi [3]), that exhibits significant geographical variation in behavior [4, 5] and in phenotypic plasticity [6,7,8]. This species has a natural infection rate by Plasmodium of up to 20% [5, 9], though a more common rate is 1–5% [10,11,12]. We assess levels of genetic and phenotypic differentiation among Ny. darlingi populations from Brazil
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
