Evidence for binarity in the bipolar planetary nebulae A 79, He 2-428 and M 1-91

Abstract

We present low and high resolution long-slit spectra of three bipolar planetary nebulae (PNe) with bright central cores: A 79, He 2-428 and M 1-91. He 2-428 and M 1-91 have high density (from 103.3 to 106.5 cm-3) unresolved nebular cores that indicate that strong mass loss/exchange phenomena are occurring close to their central stars. An F0 star is found at the centre of symmetry of A 79; its reddening and distance are consistent with the association of the star with the nebula. The spectrum of the core of He 2-428 shows indications of the presence of a hot star with red excess emission, probably arising in a late-type companion. A 79 is one of the richest PNe in and , the abundances of M 1-91 are at the lower end of the range spanned by bipolar PNe, and He 2-428 shows very low abundances, similar to those measured for halo PNe. The extended nebulae of A 79 and He 2-428 have inclined equatorial rings expanding at a velocity of ~15 km s-1, with kinematical ages ≥104 yrs. The association of these aged, extended nebulae with a dense nebular core (He 2-428) or a relatively late type star (A 79) is interpreted as evidence for the binarity of their nuclei.