Evidence for a Non-Expanding Universe: Surface Brightness Data From HUDF

Abstract

Surface brightness data can distinguish between a Friedman‐Robertson‐Walker expanding universe and a non‐expanding universe. For surface brightness measured in AB magnitudes per angular area, all FRW models, regardless of cosmological parameters, predict that surface brightness declines with redshift as (z+1)−3, while any non‐expanding model predicts that surface brightness is constant with distance and thus with z. High‐z UV surface brightness data for galaxies from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and low‐z data from GALEX are used to test the predictions of these two models up to z=6. A preliminary analysis presented here of samples observed at the same at‐galaxy wavelengths in the UV shows that surface brightness is constant, μ =kz0.026± 0.15, consistent with the non‐expanding model. This relationship holds if distance is linearly proportional to z at all redshifts, but seems insensitive to the particular choice of d‐z relationship. Attempts to reconcile the data with FRW predictions by assuming that high‐z galaxies have intrinsically higher surface brightness than low‐z galaxies appear to face insurmountable problems. The intrinsic FUV surface brightness required by the FRW models for high‐z galaxies exceeds the maximum FUV surface brightness of any low‐z galaxy by as much as a factor of 40. Dust absorption appears to make such extremely high intrinsic FUV surface brightness physically impossible. If confirmed by further analysis, the impossibility of such high‐μ galaxies would rule out all FRW expanding universe (big bang) models.