Abstract
So BLACK ELK DESCRIBED THE ERUPTION of violence at the Pine Ridge Reservation on the morning of 29 December 1890. Called in to suppress the messianic Ghost Dance religion and prevent an outbreak, U. S. Army troops, after two months of tense inactivity, killed over two hundred Lakotas in a ninety-minute burst of violence. Long a marker of the end of the Indian wars and the close of the frontier era, the massacre at Wounded Knee holds a prominent position within western history and popular consciousness.2 At the same moment that Wounded Knee entered history, it also entered the realm of popular culture. Photographers George Trager, newspaper reporter William Fitch Kelley, and dime novelist Francis Dougherty soon produced images and
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