Everyday functional ability across different phases of bipolar disorder

Abstract

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a chronic illness characterized by significant neurocognitive impairment and functional deficits. Functional status is typically assessed with self-report or observer ratings restricted by poor participant insight and subjective judgment, while application of performance-based measures has been limited. We assessed functional ability in manic, depressed, and euthymic BD individuals using the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA-2), which simulates real-world tasks such as medication management. UPSA-2 was administered to 17 manic or hypomanic BD, 14 depressed BD, 23 euthymic BD, and 28 healthy comparison (HC) participants matched for age, education, and IQ. Psychopathology was quantified with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS); executive functioning was assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). All BD groups exhibited functional ability deficits on the UPSA-2 and impaired performance on the WCST compared to HC. UPSA-2 scores were lower in manic/hypomanic subjects relative to other BD participants and mania symptoms correlated with functional impairment. Poor WCST performance was also associated with worse UPSA-2 function. In summary, BD functional deficits occur across different phases of the disorder and may be impacted by symptom severity and associated with executive dysfunction.