Abstract
To test whether the retrieval of arithmetic facts is independent of numerical notations, this study investigated the event-related potentials elicited by single-digit addition and multiplication problems in Arabic digits and Chinese number words. The results showed that, in comparison with addition, multiplication elicited a greater N300-like component at the left anterior electrodes and greater late positive potentials at the right posterior electrodes, regardless of numerical notations. The operation effects lasted from 250 to 900 ms for Arabic digits, but from 250 to 1400 ms for Chinese number words when participants were asked to respond only to false arithmetic equations (experiment one), and lasted from 350 to 1400 ms for Arabic digits and Chinese number words when participants were asked to respond to both true and false arithmetic equations (experiment two). The consistency in the operation effects in ERPs (i.e., a dissociation of brain organization for different arithmetic operations) for different number notations suggests that mental representation and retrieval of arithmetic facts may be relatively independent of numerical notations.
Highlights
Single-digit arithmetic is fundamental to human number processing
Further simple effects tests showed that participants took the same amount of time to respond to addition and multiplication problems presented in Arabic digits, but took longer to respond to addition problems than multiplication problems when they were presented in Chinese number words, F(1, 22) = 30.38, MSe = 15520.25, p < 0.001
Further simple effects tests showed that participants took the same amount of time to respond to addition and multiplication problems presented in Arabic digits, but took longer to respond to addition problems than multiplication problems when they were presented in Chinese number words, F(1, 15) = 21.88, MSe = 1702.83, p < 0.001
Summary
Single-digit arithmetic is fundamental to human number processing. Primary school children are required to learn and memorize the basic arithmetic facts (e.g., 8 + 7 = 15, 7 × 9 = 63). According to the encoding-complex model proposed by Campbell and colleagues (Campbell, 1994, 1998; Campbell et al, 1999; Campbell and Epp, 2005), the encoding process of a given task activates a network of associations (including numerical notation), which would affect the subsequent retrieval or calculation This result suggests that the access to numerical representations varies with the surface format (Szücs and Csépe, 2004)
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