Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection triggers a rapid induction of host innate immune responses. The type I interferon (IFN) signal pathway is a central aspect of host defense which induces a wide range of antiviral proteins to control infection of incoming pathogens. In some cases, viral invasion also induces DNA damage response, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cytoplasmic stress granules and other innate immune responses, which in turn affect viral infection. However, HSV-1 has evolved multiple strategies to evade host innate responses and facilitate its infection. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on the molecular mechanisms utilized by HSV-1 to counteract host antiviral innate immune responses with specific focus on the type I IFN signal pathway.
Highlights
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a typical humanrestricted pathogen which is carried by 50–90 % of the population worldwide, with the higher frequencies in developing countries
The type I IFN signal pathway is activated upon recognition of viral constituents by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), exerts its function through the expression of multiple IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) [4, 5]
* Correspondence: zheng.alan@hotmail.com 1Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China 3Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Deseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada Full list of author information is available at the end of the article (MDA5) and other RNA receptors can detect distinct RNA structures, while cytoplasmic DNA is detected by recently discovered DNA sensors, including cyclic GMPAMP synthase, IFN-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), DEAD box polypeptide 41 (DDX41), DNA-dependent activator of IRFs (DAI) and several proteins involved in the DNA damage response [6, 9,10,11]
Summary
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a typical humanrestricted pathogen which is carried by 50–90 % of the population worldwide, with the higher frequencies in developing countries. The type I interferon (IFN) signal pathway is the crucial first line of defense and mediates a wide range of innate immune responses toward viral infection.
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