Abstract
Evaporation properties of Monel and stainless-steel alloy materials that are widely applied in microwave vacuum electron devices have been studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToFMS) as their evaporants has an immediate impact on their lifetime and reliability. The composition and sizes of evaporants of Monel and stainless steel have been determined. Minor evaporation of Mn, Cu, and Cr in Monel and stainless steel occurred at ∼800°C, which is much lower than the melting points of Mn, Cu, and Cr, and evaporation of Mn, Cu, and Cr increased with increasing temperature. Experimental results show that ToFMS is a very fast testing method for researching metallic material evaporation. At 900°C, substantial changes occurred in the surface microstructures of Monel and stainless steel as high porosity and many grain boundaries were observed. With increasing treatment time, grain boundaries gradually became larger, decreasing material strength and leading to outgassing or even air leakage. Such phenomena have been analyzed based on relevant theory, and appropriate feasible methods for use of metallic materials have been discussed from the perspective of vacuum device design and process control.
Highlights
Materials are fundamental to development of microwave vacuum electron technology, and material properties is an important consideration for assurance of advanced device technology and product quality
Studying the evaporation performance of metallic materials applied in microwave vacuum electron devices is important for driving the development of microwave device technology and satellite communication technology
Stainless-steel alloy, as a metallic casing material most frequently used in microwave vacuum electron devices, has good vacuum solderability; it is mainly used for casings and in other scitation.org/journal/adv parts of the device
Summary
Microwave vacuum electron devices are widely used in satellite communication, accelerators, controlled thermonuclear fusion, and global positioning. With the development of modern microwave technology, microwave devices are constantly demanding new frequency, bandwidth, and power operating characteristics, which mainly entail higher frequency, broader bandwidth, higher power, and greater efficiency. Materials are fundamental to development of microwave vacuum electron technology, and material properties is an important consideration for assurance of advanced device technology and product quality. Nowadays, in the manufacturing of microwave vacuum electron devices, >4000 types of materials (∼60 categories) covering >70% of the elements in nature are used, and such devices are widely applied in many fields. Vapor arising from the shell or electrode material of microwave vacuum electron devices under elevated temperatures or electron bombardment is one of the gas sources in vacuum tubes. Deposition of evaporated metal atoms onto other electrodes will have a direct impact on vacuum performance, insulation performance, electron emission, light and heat radiation, and reflection of microwave vacuum electron devices.. Studying the evaporation performance of metallic materials applied in microwave vacuum electron devices is important for driving the development of microwave device technology and satellite communication technology. The cathode electron gun is the most important part of a microwave vacuum electron device. Monel mainly acts as a nonmagnetic material for parts and casing of the electron gun.. Stainless-steel alloy, as a metallic casing material most frequently used in microwave vacuum electron devices, has good vacuum solderability; it is mainly used for casings and in other. Analysis of the evaporation performance of nonmagnetic Monel and stainless steel is of vital importance to improving the performance of microwave vacuum electron devices
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