Abstract
High-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis was employed to molecularly screen the lipid, lipid oxidation product (LOP), and antioxidant compositions of four natural (unrefined) cod liver oil (CLO) products. Products 1–3 were non-fermented CLOs, whilst Product 4 was isolated from pre-fermented cod livers. Supporting analytical data that were acquired included biogenic amine, flavanone, tannin, phenolic antioxidant, α-tocopherol, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) determinations by recommended HPLC, LC/MS/MS, or spectrophotometric methods. SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and 1H NMR analyses investigated and determined collagenous antioxidants and their molecular mass ranges. 1H NMR analysis of aldehydic LOPs was employed to explore the susceptibilities/resistivities of each CLO product to peroxidation that is induced by thermal stressing episodes (TSEs) at 180°C, or following prolonged (42 day) storage episodes at 4 and 23 °C. Product 4 displayed extremely high ORAC values, which were much greater than those of Products 1–3, and that were predominantly ascribable to significant levels of peroxidation-blocking and/or aldehyde-consuming collagenous polypeptides/peptides and ammoniacal agents therein. Significantly lower levels of toxic aldehydes were generated in the pre-fermented Product 4 during exposure to TSEs, or the above long-term storage episodes. These results confirmed the enhanced peroxidative resistivity of a fermented, antioxidant-fortified natural CLO product over those of non-fermented unrefined products. Product 4: Green Pasture Blue Ice™ Fermented Cod Liver Oil.
Highlights
The global fish oil market is forecast to reach $3.69 billion by 2025, according to a recent report by Allied Market Research, entitled ‘Global Fish Oil Market (Application, Species and Geography)—Country Analysis, Size, Share, Trends, Company Profiles, Demand, Growth, Opportunities, and Forecast, 2015–2025’ [1]
oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) determinations were first performed in order to explore the peroxyl radical-scavenging antioxidant capacity of each cod liver oil (CLO) product
1–3 when evaluated with respect to the concentrations of secondary aldehydic lipid oxidation product (LOP) that were generated as a function of TORA thermal stressing episodes (TSEs) duration
Summary
The global fish (marine) oil market is forecast to reach $3.69 billion by 2025, according to a recent report by Allied Market Research, entitled ‘Global Fish Oil Market (Application, Species and Geography)—Country Analysis, Size, Share, Trends, Company Profiles, Demand, Growth, Opportunities, and Forecast, 2015–2025’ [1]. Fish oil is extensively employed in numerous human and animal nutrition applications, both as foods and food supplements, in view its high content of essential long-chain, ‘health-friendly’ polyunsaturated omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (O-3 FAs). This market is experiencing a major boost in view of the popularity of O-3 FA-rich fish oils in various applications, such as supplements and functional foods (nutraceuticals), as well as a wealth of pharmaceutical applications. Recent reviews of the potential health benefits that are offered by compounds classified as nutraceuticals, and the status of current research focused on this area, are available in [3,4,5].
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