Evaluation paste removal method and bond strength between resin cement and lithium disilicate ceramic: An in vitro study

Abstract

Statement of problemAfter the use of evaluation paste, residue can remain on the bonding surface. However, how adhesion to lithium disilicate ceramic is affected is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effectiveness of lithium disilicate cleaning after contamination with an evaluation paste and before the application of a resin cement. Material and methodsRectangular lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) specimens were obtained with a simulated milled surface, crystallized, etched with 5% hydrofluoric (HF) acid, and contaminated with an evaluation paste. The cleaning methods tested were air-water spray (SPRAY), 37% phosphoric acid (HPO), ultrasonic bath (ULT), cleaning paste (IVOC), and a conventional surface treatment (HF + silane–HF+SIL). The control (CTRL) group was not contaminated. After silane had been applied, resin cement cylinders were fabricated and light polymerized. Half of the cylinders (n=56) were tested for microshear bond strength at baseline (24 hours), and the other half after 210 days of water storage and 25 000 thermal cycles. Surface roughness, failure analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests for surface roughness and the 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests for bond strength (α=.05). ResultsAt baseline, only SPRAY did not restore the bond strength compared with CTRL. After aging, the bond strengths of SPRAY and IVOC were lower than of CTRL (P<.05); no significant difference was found between CTRL, HPO, ULT, and HF+SIL (P>.05). EDS demonstrated the presence of carbon in the SPRAY and ULT groups, probably remnants of the evaluation paste. SEM analysis identified such remnants in the SPRAY group only. ConclusionsFor optimal bond strength between lithium disilicate and resin cement after evaluation paste use, cleaning the ceramic surface with 37% phosphoric acid, ultrasonic bath, or with hydrofluoric acid worked best.