Evaluation of Water Security in Kathmandu Valley before and after Water Transfer from another Basin

Bhesh Thapa,Vishnu Pandey,Tilak Bhandari,Hiroshi Ishidaira,Narendra Shakya

doi:10.3390/w10020224

Bhesh Thapa, Vishnu Pandey + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020224

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Abstract

Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) has planned to harness water from outside the valley from Melamchi as an inter-basin project to supply water inside the ring road (core valley area) of the Kathmandu Valley (KV). The project, called the “Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP)”, is expected to have its first phase completed by the end of September 2018 and its second phase completed by the end of 2023 to supply 170 MLD (million liters a day) through the first phase and an additional 340 MLD through the second phase. The area has recently faced a severe water deficit and KUKL’s existing infrastructure has had a limited capability, supplying only 19% of the water that is demanded in its service areas during the dry season and 31% during the wet season. In this context, this study aims to assess the temporal trends and spatial distribution of household water security index (WSI), defined as a ratio of supply to demand for domestic water use for basic human water requirements (50 L per capita per day (lpcd)) and economic growth (135 lpcd) as demand in pre- and post-MWSP scenarios. For this purpose, data on water demand and supply with infrastructure were used to map the spatial distribution of WSI and per capita water supply using ArcMap. Results show a severe water insecurity condition in the year 2017 in all KUKL service areas (SAs), which is likely to improve after completion of the MWSP. It is likely that recent distribution network and strategies may lead to inequality in water distribution within the SAs. This can possibly be addressed by expanding existing distribution networks and redistributing potable water, which can serve an additional 1.21 million people in the area. Service providers may have to develop strategies to strengthen a set of measures including improving water supply infrastructures, optimizing water loss, harnessing additional water from hills, and managing water within and outside the KUKL SAs in the long run to cover the entire KV.

Highlights

Fresh water is a key resource for human health, prosperity, and biodiversity
The main focus of this study is to evaluate the spatial distribution of the water security situation from the state of today’s distribution to the implementation of different phases of Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP)
2011 population data from the census were taken as the base and the population for

Summary

Introduction

Fresh water is a key resource for human health, prosperity, and biodiversity. Water is likely to be a constraint on economic growth. The cost of global water insecurity is estimated to be $500 billion annually and is likely to be a drag on the world economy by 1% or more of gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. The United Nations (UN) general assembly has set the global agenda to achieve universal. To achieve and measure those targets, water security has emerged as a prominent issue among water and development communities globally. The concept of water security is complex [2] because it incorporates different dimensions. It needs to consider local, regional, and national perspectives of holistic water management and must balance resources protection with resource uses associated with health, education, energy, and food security

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