Abstract
A study to illustrate the ground surface and wall movements due to excavation is undertaken based on two-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) modeling and analysis. The FE model and nonlinear solution strategy are built in the open-source software platform, OpenSees, of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. A drained analysis was carried out using Drucker–Prager multisurface kinematic plasticity model for sand. The proposed model is verified using a case history in an urban excavation. The ground surface settlement and wall deflection for the various conditions of excavation are calculated. The results indicate that the extent of the settlement zone depends on excavation depth and is predicted as 2.5–3 times excavation depth, and the upper limit of the maximum ground surface settlement is equal to the maximum lateral wall deflection.
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