Evaluation of various natural weeds and reaction conditions for reductive degradation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene

Abstract

1,3-Dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) is listed by the USEPA as a priority pollutant. 1,3-DNB has two nitro functional groups (-NO2) bound to the benzene ring, with a +III nitrogen oxidation states, and strong electronegativity, and therefore can be reductively degraded by gaining electrons. Weeds that contain a high proportion of polyphenols can supply electrons and act as natural reducing agents. This study investigated the potential of various weeds to reductively remove 1,3-DNB from aqueous phase. The Taguchi L9 Orthogonal experimental design method was used to explore the optimum operational parameters. According to the analyzed characteristics of weeds, including total phenol content, antioxidant capacity, metal chelating capacity, reducing capacity, and environmental adaptability, the weed Sphagneticola trilobata, containing 11.93 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of weed (mg-GAE/g-weed), was selected for 1,3-DNB degradation experiments. The results showed that the optimum reaction conditions for the degradation of 1,3-DNB in the aqueous phase using Sphagneticola trilobata were: pH 3, a weed dose of 10 g/L, reaction time of 14 day, and initial 1,3-DNB concentration of 0.5 mM. According to ANOVA analysis, the weed dose was the most significant factor in the experiment, and each 1 mg of 1,3-DNB degraded required 120 mg of dry weeds.