Abstract
Development of proteome analysis of extracellular proteins has revealed that a wide variety of proteins, including fungal allergens are present outside the cell. These secreted allergens often do not contain known secretion signal sequences. Recent research progress shows that some fungal allergens are secreted by unconventional secretion pathways, including autophagy- and extracellular-vesicle-dependent pathways. However, secretion pathways remain unknown for the majority of extracellular proteins. This review summarizes recent data on unconventional protein secretion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi. Particularly, methods for evaluating unconventional protein secretion are proposed for fungal species, including S. cerevisiae, a popular model organism for investigating protein secretion pathways.
Highlights
Protein secretion is an essential way for cells to communicate with extracellular environments and/or other cells
First, we provide an overview on conventional and unconventional protein secretion (UPS) machineries, as well as on proteins secreted via UPS studied in several fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Cytoplasmic proteins, including HSP70 and enolase were detected in extracellular vesicles isolated from Candida albicans [11], Cryptococcus neoformans [29], and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis [30], as well as in S. cerevisiae [31]
Summary
Protein secretion is an essential way for cells to communicate with extracellular environments and/or other cells. Some fungal protein allergens do not contain known secretory signal peptides (SPs) as used in the conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway [6,7]. These proteins without SPs have been regarded as intracellular allergens [1]. Recent advances in secretome analysis have revealed that metabolic enzymes and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are secreted without known SPs, suggesting important roles of non-CPS pathways in fungal pathogenesis [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. First, we provide an overview on conventional and unconventional protein secretion (UPS) machineries, as well as on proteins secreted via UPS studied in several fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Further research is awaited to reveal the machineries of UPS
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