Evaluation of Two Newcastle Vaccination Regimes Commonly Used for Commercial Layer Production in Ghana

Two vaccination regimens against Newcastle disease were compared. A total of 180crossbred (RIR × Fayoumi) day-old chicks were obtained from the government PoultryFarm. At three days of age, 10 birds were randomly selected and killed to obtain bloodsamples for serum collection. The remaining 170 birds were divided into three groups.Group A, (55) received a locally produced live lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV)vaccine called “Baby Chick Ranikhet Disease Vaccine” (BCRDV) intraocularly at threeand 28 days of age followed by a live mesogenic NDV vaccine namely “Ranikhet DiseaseVaccine” (RDV) intramuscularly at 60 days of age. Group B, (55) was vaccinated with animported live lentogenic commercial vaccine intraocularly at three, 28 and 60 days of age.Group C, (60) served as unvaccinated control. Further blood samples were collected onday 28, 60 and 74 from all groups. All the sera were tested for haemagglutinationinhibition (HI) antibody titre to NDV. At 75 days of age, 30 birds from each of the twovaccinated groups and 32 birds from the unvaccinated group were challenged with avelogenic viscerotropic field isolate of NDV. The chicks had a high level of maternal HIantibodies at three days of age with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of log2 4.8, but thatgradually declined in the unvaccinated group. Following vaccination there was noremarkable rise in the antibody titre at 28 and 60 days of age (GMT>log2 3.5), but at 74days of age, the GMT of HI antibody in Group A (log2 5.9) was significantly higher thanthat in the Group B (log2 4.1). Following challenge, 100% morbidity and 65.6% mortalitywere observed in the unvaccinated group. Among the vaccinated groups, only 16.7%morbidity and no mortality were noticed in Group A but 43.3% morbidity and 10%mortality were observed in Group B. It is suggested that a vaccination programme basedon lentogenic priming and mesogenic booster gave better protection against velogenicviscerotropic NDV challenge than that based on lentogenic vaccine only. (Bangl. vet. 2010. Vol. 27, No. 1, 1 – 7)DOI: 10.3329/bvet.v27i1.5908

Assessment of humoral and cellular-mediated immune response in chickens treated with tilmicosin, florfenicol, or enrofloxacin at the time of Newcastle disease vaccination

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the age of the breeder flock of commercial BUT - 6 turkeys on the transfer of maternal antibodies to chicks. The blood samples for serological analysis were collected from randomly selected 63 female breeders from a flock of BUT Big 6 turkeys and 63 one-day-old hybrid turkey poults hatched from eggs from this flock at 36, 45 and 54 week of age. During blood analysis (serum) in the laboratory, the level of antibodies of the breeder flock against Avian metapneumoviruses (APV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) was determined (ELISA). Maternal antibody (MatAb) titer in chicks (serum) against the same viruses were also determined. The percentage (%) transfer of MatAb to offspring was then evaluated. The effect of the age of the turkeys on the antibody titer to the tested pathogens expressed in geometric mean titers (GMT) was shown. During the laying period, the antibody titer of the tested turkeys against NDV decreased with the age of the flock. The highest antibody titer was demonstrated in week 36 (GMT=14242), whereas the lowest was in week 54 (GMT=5564). In contrast, the serum antibody titer of the tested layers against APV and HEV increased with the age of the birds. The lowest antibody titer (GMTAPV=24818; GMTHEV=12070) was observed at the beginning of the laying period, and the highest at the end of the laying period (GMTAPV =38978; GMTHEV =13980). The highest vertical transfer to offspring was shown for antibodies to - HEV (82.7%), while the lowest was shown when analyzing sera to - NDV (37.6%). The present analysis showed significant differences in the evaluated antibody titres in serum of turkey breeders during the laying period, as well as in the level of MatAb in chicks. The results also indicate that the transfer of MatAb to chicks is influenced by the age of the parent flock and the type of pathogen against which the layers were vaccinated.

One hundred and sixty day-old Hainan chicks were randomly allotted into eight pens to investigate the effect of different dietary concentrations of chromium (Cr) in the form of chromium chloride, and different dosages of florfenicol on humoral immune responses by determining antibody titers to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines using the hemagglutination inhibition test. The results indicated that ND antibody titers were significantly higher in chicks receiving Cr at low (5 mg/kg feed) and middle (10 mg/kg feed) dose compared with the control (p 0.05), but the ND antibody titers were significantly decreased in chicks receiving 200 and 400 mg/kg feed of the drug (p<0.01). The ND antibody titers of group receiving 200 mg/kg feed of florfenicol plus 10 mg/kg Cr were slightly higher than that of the group receiving single florfenicol of 200 mg/kg although, no significant differences were observed between these two treatments. It is suggested that the humoral immune response impaired by florfenicol (200 mg/kg feed) could not be significantly reversed by Cr (10 mg/kg feed). (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 3 : 366-370)

In the face of an outbreak of pigeon paramyxovirus (PPMV), a vaccination response study was undertaken to determine if pigeons in Australia would produce a serological response similar to that considered protective in chickens. A vaccination study evaluated serological response and safety criteria in groups of 20 pigeons. One group served as unvaccinated controls; one group was vaccinated with a live V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and subsequently revaccinated 28 days later with an inactivated La Sota strain vaccine; the third group was vaccinated twice with the inactivated La Sota strain vaccine 28 days apart. Serum was collected from the birds for serology 28, 56, 120 and 196 days after each treatment. Safety of the vaccines was determined using observation of the birds and body weight change. Serology was performed using three variations of the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, including chicken red blood cells (RBC) with either V4 NDV or PPMV as the antigen and pigeon RBC with V4 NDV as the antigen. A commercial NDV ELISA test was also used. At 28 days after the second vaccination, the geometric mean titres were 6.8 and 7.3 for the live/inactivated vaccine regimen and the inactivated/inactivated regimen, respectively. The serological response of birds vaccinated with the inactivated/inactivated regimen was significantly greater than that of the controls for all of the serological tests used. Vaccination of pigeons with two doses of chicken NDV vaccine 28 days apart was safe and resulted in antibody levels considered protective for NDV in chickens.

Serological responses to the first four doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Poultry diseases are one of the main factors constraining poultry practice in most developing countries. Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious and commonly fatal viral poultry disease caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Detection of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus in 300 blood samples from local chickens slaughtered at Muda Lawal Market Bauchi was carried out using the haemagglutination inhibition test (HI). This was to determine the immune status of local birds to NDV in Bauchi Metropolis. 169 (56.3%) birds tested positive with antibody titre ranging from 2 to 512. The geometric mean titre was 19.7. This low antibody titre reveals the epizootic nature of the virus in the study area and is suggestive of an inter-epidemic phase or early phase of infection pointing a finger to possible economic losses in the event of an outbreak, alongside the role of local chickens in the transmission cycle of NDV to other avian species. Vaccination of local chickens were possible is advocated for.Key words: Poultry diseases, Newcastle disease, haemagglutination inhibition, antibody titre

The experiment was evaluated to find out the serum antibody titer of broiler breeders raised under different rearing systems (cage vs. floor) against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis disease virus. Two hundred and forty-day-old broiler breeders were equally divided into six groups Floor (V+CH), (V+Not CH) and (Not V+CH) and cage (V+CH), (V+Not CH), and (Not V+CH). Birds were vaccinated with Mukteswar, La Sota, and Massachusetts M41 in 1st week, 3rd week, and 4th week. Blood /serum samples were collected at 42 days of age. Collected data were analyzed by using a complete randomized design. The geometric mean titer (GMT) for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of broiler breeders reared under floor versus cage housing system was measured by using the hem agglutination inhibition test and the defensive potentiality of vaccines was measured by determining the survivability rate of chickens by challenge infection. Birds vaccinated and virus-challenged showed a protective antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus in both housing systems. Significantly higher GMT was recorded for the non-vaccinated group having virus-challenged in cage female (9.76 ±0.34) and floor female (9.94 ±0.23). Protective antibody titer was calculated for broiler breeders who were regularly vaccinated. There were no significant differences (P≥0.05) observed in the cage versus floor housing system. Higher serum antibody titer in caged females (9.22±0.36) and floor (8.98±0.32) was calculated due to infection challenges. Morbidity and mortality were significantly affected by the cage and floor-rearing system. Frequencies of diseased birds and mortality were found higher on the floor compared to cages in the non-vaccinated group. Despite the regular vaccination sick female broiler breeders were found higher compared to cage broiler breeders. In the non-vaccinated group floor reared birds have a higher percentage of morbidity and mortality compared to cages. In conclusion cage and floor-rearing systems have no adverse effect on serum antibody titer and survivability of broiler breeders.

A study was conducted to assess the level of serum antibody titres and immune status of layer birds against Newcastle Disease virus by Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test in different areas of Chittagong district during November to December, 2010. Sixteen layer flocks were selected based on different ages of birds. A total of 235 serum samples were collected and tested at Microbiology laboratory of CVASU. HI test was performed using commercial Newcastle Disease vaccine (Avinew®) as a source of 4HAU virus antigen. The antibody titre (GMT) levels in 18-26 weeks age group were found to be 70.198, followed by 47.551, 34.776, 17.281 and 18.855 in 27-40, 41-57, 58-73 and &gt;73 weeks age groups, respectively. Moreover, 100% specific immunity against ND was found in 18-26, 27-40 and 41-57 weeks age groups of birds, whereas 93.33 and 94.73% specific immunity was found in 58-73 and &gt;73 weeks age groups, respectively. On an average, 97.87% layer birds showed specific immunity and 2.13% showed nonspecific immunity against NDV. We considered HI titre of 1:8 or above as specific immunity and less than 1:8 as non specific immunity. Highest HI titre was found at the age of 18-26 weeks and lowest titre was at 58-73 weeks of age. The lower level of HI titre seemed to be directly related to some important factors relating to vaccination which have been highlighted in this paper. Key words: Antibody titers; Immune status; HI test; Newcastle disease virus; Layer birds. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v1i2.8818 International Journal of Natural Sciences (2011), 1(2):35-38

A study was conducted on the impact of aflatoxin (AF) and sodium bentonite, esterified glucomannan and humic acid, on immunization against Newcastle disease (ND) in broiler feed with naturally contaminated diet with aflatoxin. Seven-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to nine dietary treatments in four replicates of 12 chicks. Treatments were 1) Control; 2) naturally contaminated diet with aflatoxin; 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) naturally contaminated diet with aflatoxin supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0% humic acid, respectively; 8 and 9) naturally contaminated diet supplemented with 0.5% sodium bentonite and 0.1% esterified glucomannan, respectively. The measured aflatoxin in contaminated diet, confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), was 254 ppb. Blood sample was taken from each bird and the titers of antibody against ND were measured by haemagglutination-inhibition test. Compared to the control diet, the antibody titers against ND was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in 254 ppb aflatoxin fed chicks from 28 to 35 days of age. The addition of esterified glucomannan, sodium bentonite and humic acid to the AF-containing diet ameliorated the adverse effects of aflatoxin on ND antibody titers, but humic acid proved to be more effective in the amelioration of the adverse effect of AF on humeral immunity against ND. Key words: Esterified glucomannan, sodium bentonite, humic acid, aflatoxicosis, Newcastle disease.

Effect of oral administration of ginseng stem-and-leaf saponins (GSLS) on the immune responses to Newcastle disease vaccine in chickens

This study aimed to identify the polymorphism of the B Locus Beta 2 (BLB2) gene and its association with immunoglobulin Y (IgY) concentration and Newcastle disease (ND) antibody titer; we analyzed BLB2 gene expression in different categories of ND antibody titers in IPB-D2 chickens. The total sample used was 100 IPB-D2 chickens. Blood samples were collected at 21 weeks old for an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) test, an HI (hemagglutination inhibition) test, and genotyping. The method for BLB2 polymorphism was Sanger sequencing. Analysis of BLB2 gene expression was performed using the cecal tonsil tissue of IPB-D2 chickens. Polymorphism data were analyzed using SNPstats and DNAsp (DNA Sequence Polymorphism) software. The association of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with IgY concentration and ND antibody titer was analyzed using SAS software (version 9.2). The genotype mean values were compared by means of a T test. The relative mRNA expression analysis was performed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that 13 SNPs were found in exon 2 and exon 3 in the BLB2 gene. As many as 4 out of the 13 SNPs were associated with IgY concentration. As many as 9 out the 13 SNPs may have changed amino acids. The Ct value showed that the expression of the BLB2 gene in IPB-D2 chickens with high ND antibody titers is higher than IPB-D2 chickens with low ND antibody titers. In conclusion, the AA genotype of g.458 T A was associated with high IgY concentrations, and the BLB2 gene presented with a high expression in IPB-D2 chickens with high ND antibody titers.

Background In broiler farming, vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) is essential. Nonetheless, during the post-vaccination phase, production may be negatively impacted by mycotoxin contamination in feed. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of toxin binders on antibody titer and large intestine histopathology after ND vaccination in broiler with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) toxication. Methods A total of 20 broilers were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 5 replications i.e. (C-) broiler groups with basal feed, (C+) broiler groups with AFB1 and OTA feed contamination, (T1) and (T2) broiler groups with exposed AFB1, OTA, and toxin binders as feed additives with dose 1.1 g/kg and 1.6 g/kg feed, respectively. ND vaccination was carried out on day 7 and 21. Antibody titers were evaluated from serum samples of broiler on days 14, 28, and 35 for further hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Histopathology of the cecum and colon organs was evaluated using HE staining on day 36. HI test and histological scoring were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s test with a p &lt; 0.05 in SPSS v.26 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results As a result, histopathological improvement of the cecum and colon was reported based on mucosal rupture, hemorrhage and necrosis on day 35. An increase in the mean antibody titer compared to days 14 and 28 was observed on day 35, with significant changes observed in serum samples based on the C+ group, which was significantly different from the C- and T2 groups (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions This study revealed that toxin binder dose of 1.6 g/kg can increase antibody titer and histopathology of cecum and colon in broiler chickens after ND vaccination fed with mycotoxin-contaminated feed.

ND virus causes mortality in poultry. Passively acquired maternal antibodies inhibit immunoglobulin formation. Repeatability is a genetic parameter that determines the inheritance of traits from elders to chicks. IPB-D2 chickens were selected for disease resistance, and IPB-D3 chickens were selected for weight gain. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of IPB-D2 and IPB-D3 chickens and assess the inheritance of Newcastle Disease (ND) antibody traits in 36 IPB-D3 and 21 IPB-D2 chickens. The T-test was used to compare the group means of the two chicken breeds. Antibody titer measurements were based on the Geometric Mean Titer (GMT). Estimation of ND titer repeatability using within-class correlation. Fertility and hatchability differed significantly (p &lt; 0.05). ND titer of IPB-D2 chicken and IPB-D3 chicken DOC LOG 2 GMT 1.61 ± 1.10 and 1.34 ± 0.95. The antibody titer of IPB-D2 and IPB-D3 chickens at 14 days of age was 1.02 ± 1.20 and 1.37 ± 0.95. The ND titer value in the egg yolk of IPB-D2 chicken was 4.02 ± 1.94, and in IPB-D3 chicken was 3.64 ± 2.54. The results showed the repeatability value of l antibodies in IPB D-2 chickens and IPB D-3 chickens in DOC 0.49±0.30, 0.42±0.33 and 0.39±0.28; 0.25±0.15, respectively. Fertility and hatchability of IPB-D3 chickens were better than those of IPB-D2 chickens. The yolk ND titer of IPB-D2 chickens was higher than IPB- D3 chicken. The ND titer reciprocity of IPB-D2 chickens was higher than that of the IPB-D3 chickens. Keywords: IPB-D2 Chicken, IPB-D3 Chicken, Newcastle Disease, productivity, repeatability

We evaluated the influence of the use of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV)‐strains Ulster and La Sota in the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for the measurement of antibody titres after NDV vaccination. The use of the homologous La Sota antigen in the HI assay after Clone30 and La Sota vaccination of SPF‐chickens, resulted in significantly higher titres than the use of the heterologous Ulster virus. The mean difference was 1.4 on a log 2 scale (2.6‐fold). A significant difference was also found in virus neutralization (VN) assays. The virus strain in the HI or VN test did not influence the resulting titres after Ulster vaccination. When HI antibody titres after vaccination were related to VN titres measured with virulent Herts NDV or to survival after virulent challenge, it was found that the use of La Sota antigen in the HI assay after vaccination with Clone30 or La Sota resulted in an overestimation of protective serum antibody titres. Also in commercially derived White Leghorns vaccinated with Clone30, significantly higher HI titres were obtained when La Sota antigen was used in the HI test. Our data have direct implications for potency testing of inactivated vaccines as the European Pharmacopeia does not prescribe the antigen to be used in the HI test