Abstract
The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served more than 5 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 7 sites monthly over one year (2012-2013). The aims of the present study are to investigate the levels of THM in Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. THMs ranged from 43.69 to 95.94 μg/L, the minimum value observed during winter 2013 and the maximum value observed during summer 2013, The THM and its species values were complying with the Egyptian standard (Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well as WHO (2012) standards for drinking water.
Highlights
Chlorination is the most accepted disinfectant throughout the world because of its economical availability and effectiveness against the waterborne pathogens
Chlorination worked effectively against the microorganisms and provide safeguard against several waterborne diseases [1,2] on the other hand, it reacts with natural organic matters (NOMs) to form disinfection by-products (DBPs)
This study showed that exposure from THMs dermal absorption is not significant comparing to oral and inhalation exposure
Summary
Chlorination is the most accepted disinfectant throughout the world because of its economical availability and effectiveness against the waterborne pathogens. The water constituted of contaminants i.e., THMs was potential to expose through ingestion during drinking or bathing, contact with skin as dermal absorption and even inhalation of the risk compounds. In Hong Kong, the researcher reported that the cancer risk and hazard index of THMs from tap water that exposed through ingestion route higher than dermal and inhalation routes. The another research study reported that the THMs in Beijing and Canada drinking water were higher risk through oral ingestion than through other two pathway (dermal and inhalation) and female was more exposed of THMs than male. Results showed that the concentration of THMs in swimming pool water was higher than in tap water and cancer risk from skin exposure while swimming was 94.18% of the total risk. Different studies on seasonality dependency showed variable results in summer and winter [6,9]
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