Evaluation of Tourism Water Capacity in Agricultural Heritage Sites

Mi Tian,Fei Lun,Jie Zhou,Zheng Yuan,Qingwen Min,Lun Yang,Anthony Fuller,Yongxun Zhang

doi:10.3390/su71115548

Abstract

Agricultural heritage sites have been gaining popularity as tourism destinations. The arrival of large numbers of tourists, however, has created serious challenges to these vulnerable ecosystems. In particular, water resources are facing tremendous pressure. Thus, an assessment of tourism water footprint is suggested before promoting sustainable tourism. This paper uses the bottom-up approach to construct a framework on the tourism water footprint of agricultural heritage sites. The tourism water footprint consists of four components, namely accommodation water footprint, diet water footprint, transportation water footprint and sewage dilution water footprint. Yuanyang County, a representative of the Honghe Hani rice terraces, was selected as the study area. Field surveys including questionnaires, interviews and participant observation approaches were undertaken to study the tourism water footprint and water capacity of the heritage site. Based on the results, measures to improve the tourism water capacity have been put forward, which should provide references for making policies that aim to maintain a sustainable water system and promote tourism development without hampering the sustainability of the heritage system. The sewage dilution water footprint and the diet water footprint were top contributors to the tourism water footprint of the subject area, taking up 38.33% and 36.15% of the tourism water footprint, respectively, followed by the transportation water footprint (21.47%). The accommodation water footprint had the smallest proportion (4.05%). The tourism water capacity of the heritage site was 14,500 tourists per day. The water pressure index was 97%, indicating that the water footprint was still within the water capacity, but there is a danger that the water footprint may soon exceed the water capacity. As a consequence, we suggest that macro and micro approaches, including appropriate technologies, awareness enhancement and diversified tourism product development throughout the whole year that can alleviate the water pressure at critical times, could be taken to optimize the water management of the heritage sites.

Highlights

The agricultural heritage systems covered under the GIAHS (Globally Important AgriculturalHeritage Systems) program are defined by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) as “remarkable land use systems and landscapes, which are rich in biodiversity evolving from the ingenious and dynamic adaptations of a rural community to its environment, in order to realize their socio-economical, cultural and livelihood needs and aspirations for a sustainable development” [1].Among these heritages, the Hani terrace system is one of the best examples of human wisdom to adapt to, and be in harmonious existence with, nature
The direct water use includes the water spent for taking showers, flushing toilets, doing laundry, cooking, drinking, washing cars, cleaning, etc
Indirect water use includes the water embodied in the fuels and tourism facilities (Figure 5)

Summary

Introduction

The agricultural heritage systems covered under the GIAHS (Globally Important AgriculturalHeritage Systems) program are defined by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations) as “remarkable land use systems and landscapes, which are rich in biodiversity evolving from the ingenious and dynamic adaptations of a rural community to its environment, in order to realize their socio-economical, cultural and livelihood needs and aspirations for a sustainable development” [1].Among these heritages, the Hani terrace system is one of the best examples of human wisdom to adapt to, and be in harmonious existence with, nature. The Hani people, their indigenous agricultural technologies and practices, their selection of settlement sites and traditional customs for environmental protection and conservation all show an adaptive relationship with nature [2,3,4,5,6,7]. These practices have been developed over time, and invariably involve the management of water.

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion