Evaluation of total phenolic, flavonoid contents, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of various parts of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl fruit

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to investigate antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ethanol extract of pericarp, mesocarp and seeds of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. The total phenolic content was determined as Gallic acid (GAE) equivalent, and flavonoid contents were determined as Quercetin (QE) equivalent. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to measure the antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity activities were tested against breast cancer cell lines T47D using WST-1 (4-[3-(4-Iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene sulfonate) assay. The ethanol extract of pericarps, rich in flavonoid (43.88 ± 2.33), exhibited the most potent antioxidant activities to DPPH (IC50: 16.01 μg/mL). However, a high amount of phenolic content (66.57 ± 2.33 mg GAE/g) was found in the ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa mesocarp. The ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa seeds exhibited high cytotoxic activities against T47D cell lines in a dose-dependent manner compared to mesocarp and pericarp extracts. These results suggested that the ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa seeds could be used as an anticancer against T47D cell lines.