Abstract
Abstract. The forward osmosis (FO) process has been considered for desalination as a competitive option with respect to the traditional reverse osmosis process. The interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between two monomers (i.e., m-phenylenediamine, MPD, and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl chloride, TMC) is typically used to prepare the selective polyamide layer that prevents salts and allows water molecules to pass. In this research, we investigated the effect of preparation conditions (MPD contact time, TMC reaction time, and addition of an amine salt) on the FO performance in terms of water flux and salt flux. The results showed that increasing MPD contact time resulted in a significant increase in the water flux and salt flux. However, increasing TMC reaction time caused a decline in both the water flux and the salt flux. The optimum condition that gave the highest water flux (64 L m−2 h−1) was found to be as 5 min for MPD and 1 min for TMC. The addition of an amine salt of camphorsulfonic acid-triethylamine (CSA-TEA) was able to have an apparent effect on the FO process by increasing the water flux (74.5 L m−2 h−1).
Highlights
Water purification is the process of removing pollutants from raw water to produce water for human consumption or other beneficial purposes
reverse osmosis (RO) can be defined as the process that relies on external force, in which the applied hydraulic pressure is responsible for transporting water through the membrane (Peñate and García-Rodríguez, 2012)
This paper aims to study the conditions of the interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction on the efficiency of the Thin film composite (TFC) membranes in the Forward osmosis (FO) process
Summary
Water purification is the process of removing pollutants from raw water to produce water for human consumption (drinking water) or other beneficial purposes (irrigation, livestock, and industrial use; Maddodi et al, 2020). Membrane processes are among the most effective methods that can be used for water purification, especially for the desalination of water. At this time, the most effective technique is the reverse osmosis (RO) process, where it can be used to desalinate seawater and for wastewater reuse (Kadhom et al, 2019; Kalash et al, 2020). Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotically driven membrane process that uses the osmotic pressure gradient to drive water transport across a semipermeable membrane while rejecting most solutes (Cath et al, 2006; McCutcheon et al, 2005). FO has been considered a high water recovery and low-cost purification option compared to the pressure-driven membrane processes like RO (Linares et al, 2017). The ideal membranes for FO have to be able to provide high water permeability, have a high rejection of solutes, substantially reduce internal concentration polarization (ICP), and have high chemical stability and mechanical strength (Ren and McCutcheon, 2014; Zhao et al, 2012)
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