Evaluation of the safe use and dietary risk of beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin, diflubenzuron and chlorothalonil in button mushroom

Pengqiang Du,Hairong He,Yongquan Zheng,Ying Zhang,Xingang Liu,Jun Xu,Xiaohu Wu,Fengshou Dong

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07860-y

Abstract

In this study, the residues of beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin, diflubenzuron and chlorothalonil in button mushrooms were investigated. The dietary risks of ingesting button mushrooms that have had these pesticides applied by two different methods under normal plant conditions were evaluated. The dissipation of these pesticides into the soil was also studied. According to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), the final residues of beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin, diflubenzuron, and chlorothalonil were safe for human consumption after these pesticides were applied by spraying 2 times at the dosages of 900, 750, 540, 562.5, and 540 g a.i.ha−1. The dissipation experiment results demonstrated that these pesticides dissipated rapidly after spraying, and there were no residues that could be detected at harvest time when the pesticides were mixed with substrates. According to this work, the application methods of spraying and incorporation with these pesticides at 1 and 1.5 times of the recommended dosage are safe and proper in cultivating button mushrooms.

Highlights

Agaricus bisporus, a nutritious and environmentally friendly organic food, is rich in amino acids, chitin, vitamins and minerals and constitutes an increasing share in our diet[1, 2]
We employed a series of matrix-matched standard solutions (0.0005, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 mg L−1) for different pesticides by adding the blank soil extracting solution to each serially diluted standard solution to evaluate the linearity of the method
To determine the matrix effect, the proposed method was determined by comparing the slope of the matrix-matched standards with the slope of the solvent standards

Summary

Introduction

Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom), a nutritious and environmentally friendly organic food, is rich in amino acids, chitin, vitamins and minerals and constitutes an increasing share in our diet[1, 2]. China has become the world’s leader in the cultivation of this species and produced over 2.18 million tons of button mushrooms in 20107. Beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin and diflubenzuron have the potential to control this pest. Beta-cypermethrin is a significant pesticide applied to control Diptera pests[10, 11]. Highly valuable in the control of sciarid species during mushroom cultivation[15,16,17]. Fungal pathogens, such as Lecanicillium (Verticillium) fungicola, Mycogone perniciosa, Cladobotryum (Dactylium) spp. and Trichoderma spp., can cause very serious fungal diseases in button mushrooms[18,19,20], but chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum fungicide that has the potential to control these diseases. The incorporation of insecticides into mushroom compost is a significant benefit to mushroom cultivation[16], and this method has been incorporated worldwide

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Conclusion