Abstract
We provide first-principle theoretical and numerical simulations using the coherent Transfer Matrix Approach (TMA) to describe the behavior of the three main class of the optical beacons namely phase conjugators, reflectors, and retroreflectors within a turbid medium. Our theory describes the extraordinary enhancement (about 5 dB) offered by retroreflectors compared to reflectors in our detailed experiments and shows that they effectively act as local optical phase conjugators. Moreover, the performance of retroreflectors shows little degradation for increased light incident angles in turbid media, while the performance of reflectors degrades drastically. These results may find applications for detection of the echoes of electromagnetic radiation in turbid media.
Highlights
We provide first-principle theoretical and numerical simulations using the coherent Transfer Matrix Approach (TMA) to describe the behavior of the three main class of the optical beacons namely phase conjugators, reflectors, and retroreflectors within a turbid medium
Novel ideas for addressing these issues have been proposed and implemented. These strategies rely on either non-linear excitation, interferometric effects in homodyne/heterodyne detection systems[6,7,8], time reversal based on phase conjugation[9,10,11], speckle autocorrelation utilizing memory effect[12], and techniques based on iterative wavefront shaping[13,14,15,16,17]
The nonlinear systems work on the principle of generation of enough optical intensity at the desired voxel to excite nonlinear emission that can be discriminated with high spatial resolution through wavelength filtration
Summary
We provide first-principle theoretical and numerical simulations using the coherent Transfer Matrix Approach (TMA) to describe the behavior of the three main class of the optical beacons namely phase conjugators, reflectors, and retroreflectors within a turbid medium. We further evaluate our theoretical model by numerical simulation, and experimental measurements These results suggest that a retroreflector is similar to an optical phase conjugate mirror, but with important differences. For any given input wavelet hitting a retroreflector (eik.r), the output will be a truncated wavelet (due to the finite size of the retroreflector) that follows the same path in the reverse direction (e−ik.r+iφk) This definition does not put any constraint on the added phase (φk) to the output wavelet. The beam should be focused on the optical device, with a size small enough to avoid the beam truncation
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