Abstract
The aim of the present study was to formulate dental adhesives with different concentrations of LiNbO3 and to evaluate their physicochemical and antibacterial properties. A dental adhesive was formulated using methacrylate monomers and photoinitiators and used as a control filler-free group. Subsequently, three experimental adhesives doped with LiNbO3 at different concentrations (1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, and 5 wt.%) were also formulated. All the experimental adhesives were assessed to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC), softening in solvent, immediate and long-term microtensile bond-strength (μ-TBS), radiopacity, ultimate tensile strength, and antibacterial activity. The incorporation of 1 wt.% of LiNbO3 had no negative effect on the DC of the adhesive resin compared to the control group (p > 0.05). We observed a decrease in the percentage of softening in solvent in the group LiNbO3 at 1 wt.% (p < 0.05). The addition of LiNbO3 increased the radiopacity at a concentration above 2 wt.%, and there was also an increase in cohesive strength (p < 0.05). The immediate μ-TBS increased for LiNbO3 at 5 wt.% (p < 0.05), and there was no statistical difference for the other groups compared to the control (p > 0.05). After six months, the group with 5 wt.% still presented the highest μ-TBS (p < 0.05). The adhesives showed no antimicrobial activity (p > 0.05). LiNbO3 was successfully incorporated in dental adhesives, increasing the radiopacity and their resistance to degradation. Although LiNbO3 offered no antibacterial properties, the reliability of LiNbO3 incorporation in the adhesive encourages new tests to better investigate the antimicrobial action of LiNbO3 through temperature variation.
Highlights
The formulation of adhesive systems to improve physical, mechanical, and biological properties as a function of time has been the main objective of scientific studies [1,2]
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the degree of conversion (DC) of the adhesives with and without LiNbO3
The incorporation of 1 wt.% of LiNbO3 in the experimental adhesive resin showed no significant difference to the control in the DC (p = 0.784)
Summary
The formulation of adhesive systems to improve physical, mechanical, and biological properties as a function of time has been the main objective of scientific studies [1,2]. Polymers 2020, 12, 1330 occur more frequently due to the inadequate sealing and degradation of the adhesive interface over 2019, 11, x FOR PEERis. there a loss of adhesive strength, which reduces the longevity of composite restorations [5,6]. Restorative failures seem to occur more frequently due to the inadequate sealing and degradation of. It is well known that the consequences of the degradation process are the formation of gaps at the adhesive interface over time. There is a loss of adhesive strength, which reduces the adhesive interface and a drop in dental adhesion [7]. Cariogenic microorganisms from to combat thethrough degradation of the adhesive layer, along withand the cause improvement thethis oralissue cavityand canreduce penetrate such gaps into the resin–dentin interface secondaryof the caries [7]
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