Abstract
Humans and animals control their walking rhythms to maintain motion in a variable environment. The neural mechanism for controlling rhythm has been investigated in many studies using mechanical and electrical stimulation. However, quantitative evaluation of rhythm variation in response to perturbation at various timings has rarely been investigated. Such a characteristic of rhythm is described by the phase response curve (PRC). Dynamical simulations of human skeletal models with changing walking rhythms (phase reset) described a relation between the effective phase reset on stability and PRC, and phase reset around touch-down was shown to improve stability. A PRC of human walking was estimated by pulling the swing leg, but such perturbations hardly influenced the stance leg, so the relation between the PRC and walking events was difficult to discuss. This research thus examines human response to variations in floor velocity. Such perturbation yields another problem, in that the swing leg is indirectly (and weakly) perturbed, so the precision of PRC decreases. To solve this problem, this research adopts the weighted spike-triggered average (WSTA) method. In the WSTA method, a sequential pulsed perturbation is used for stimulation. This is in contrast with the conventional impulse method, which applies an intermittent impulsive perturbation. The WSTA method can be used to analyze responses to a large number of perturbations for each sequence. In the experiment, perturbations are applied to walking subjects by rapidly accelerating and decelerating a treadmill belt, and measured data are analyzed by the WSTA and impulse methods. The PRC obtained by the WSTA method had clear and stable waveforms with a higher temporal resolution than those obtained by the impulse method. By investigation of the rhythm transition for each phase of walking using the obtained PRC, a rhythm change that extends the touch-down and mid-single support phases is found to occur.
Highlights
Humans and animals control their walking rhythms to maintain their motion in a variable environment
Phase response of human walking has previously been estimated by pulling the swing leg
The problem with this perturbation is that it hardly disturbs the stance leg, so here we apply the perturbation by changing floor velocity
Summary
Humans and animals control their walking rhythms to maintain their motion in a variable environment. Stimulation provided around the transition of stance to swing phase results in delayed initiation of swing phase [5, 6]. For these responses, cutaneous [7, 8] and proprioceptive [5, 9] afferents are engaged (for a review, see [10]), and the rhythm of CPG is reported to be shifted [11, 12]. To elucidate the human response to disturbance, quantitative evaluation of the response to mechanical disturbances during walking is important
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