Evaluation of the MC4R gene across eMERGE network identifies many unreported obesity-associated variants

Bahram Namjou,Todd Lingren,Jordan G Nestor,Iftikhar J Kullo,Joshua C Denny,Gail P Jarvik,Tooraj Mirshahi,Ning Shang,Xinnan Niu,Ozan Dikilitas,Hákon Hákonarson ,Frank Mentch ,Barbara Benoit,Rajbir Singh,Ian B Stanaway,David R Crosslin,Marc S Williams,David J Carey,Ashley H Shoemaker,John B Harley

doi:10.1038/s41366-020-00675-4

Abstract

Background/ObjectivesMelanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays an essential role in food intake and energy homeostasis. More than 170 MC4R variants have been described over the past two decades, with conflicting reports regarding the prevalence and phenotypic effects of these variants in diverse cohorts. To determine the frequency of MC4R variants in large cohort of different ancestries, we evaluated the MC4R coding region for 20,537 eMERGE participants with sequencing data plus additional 77,454 independent individuals with genome-wide genotyping data at this locus.Subjects/MethodsThe sequencing data were obtained from the eMERGE phase III study, in which multisample variant call format calls have been generated, curated, and annotated. In addition to penetrance estimation using body mass index (BMI) as a binary outcome, GWAS and PheWAS were performed using median BMI in linear regression analyses. All results were adjusted for principal components, age, sex, and sites of genotyping.ResultsTargeted sequencing data of MC4R revealed 125 coding variants in 1839 eMERGE participants including 30 unreported coding variants that were predicted to be functionally damaging. Highly penetrant unreported variants included (L325I, E308K, D298N, S270F, F261L, T248A, D111V, and Y80F) in which seven participants had obesity class III defined as BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. In GWAS analysis, in addition to known risk haplotype upstream of MC4R (best variant rs6567160 (P = 5.36 × 10−25, Beta = 0.37), a novel rare haplotype was detected which was protective against obesity and encompassed the V103I variant with known gain-of-function properties (P = 6.23 × 10−08, Beta = −0.62). PheWAS analyses extended this protective effect of V103I to type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic renal failure independent of BMI.ConclusionsMC4R screening in a large eMERGE cohort confirmed many previous findings, extend the MC4R pleotropic effects, and discovered additional MC4R rare alleles that probably contribute to obesity.

Highlights

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R, OMIM:155541) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is critical in leptin–melanocortin pathway
MC4Rknockout mice are hyperphagic with a reduced metabolic rate and elevated body weight [3] with body mass increased by 7–45% in heterozygous and 50–100% in homozygous genotypes in comparison to wild type [4, 5]
The V103I variant may reduce receptor internalization [15]. Another missense variant I251L originally classified as functionally neutral shows increased MC4R basal activity through alteration of cAMP signal transduction that protects against obesity (OR = 0.5) [16]

Summary

Results

Targeted sequencing data of MC4R revealed 125 coding variants in 1839 eMERGE participants including 30 unreported coding variants that were predicted to be functionally damaging. Penetrant unreported variants included (L325I, E308K, D298N, S270F, F261L, T248A, D111V, and Y80F) in which seven participants had obesity class III defined as BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. In GWAS analysis, in addition to known risk haplotype upstream of MC4R (best variant rs6567160 (P = 5.36 × 10−25, Beta = 0.37), a novel rare haplotype was detected which was protective against obesity and encompassed the V103I variant with known gain-of-function properties (P = 6.23 × 10−08, Beta = −0.62). Conclusions MC4R screening in a large eMERGE cohort confirmed many previous findings, extend the MC4R pleotropic effects, and discovered additional MC4R rare alleles that probably contribute to obesity

Introduction

Discussion

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