Evaluation of the lattice Boltzmann method for wind modelling in complex terrain

Abstract

Abstract. The worldwide expansion of wind energy is making the choice of potential wind farm locations more and more difficult. This results in an increased number of wind farms being located in complex terrain, which is characterised by flow separation, turbulence and high shear. Accurate modelling of these flow features is key for wind resource assessment in the planning phase, as the exact positioning of the wind turbines has a large effect on their energy production and lifetime. Wind modelling for wind resource assessments is usually carried out with the linear model Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP), unless the terrain is complex, in which case Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solvers such as WindSim and Ansys Fluent are usually applied. Recent research has shown the potential advantages of large-eddy simulation (LES) for modelling the atmospheric boundary layer and thermal effects; however, LES is far too computationally expensive to be applied outside the research environment. Another promising approach is the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), a computational fluid technique based on the Boltzmann transport equation. It is generally used to study complex phenomena such as turbulence, because it describes motion at the mesoscopic level in contrast to the macroscopic level of conventional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, which solve the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations. Other advantages of the LBM include its efficiency; near-ideal scalability on high-performance computers (HPCs); and ability to easily automate the geometry, the mesh generation and the post-processing. However, the LBM has been applied very little to wind modelling in complex terrain for wind energy applications, mainly due to the lack of availability of easy-to-use tools as well as the lack of experience with this technique. In this paper, the capabilities of the LBM to model wind flow around complex terrain are investigated using the Palabos framework and data from a measurement campaign from the Bolund Hill experiment in Denmark. Detached-eddy simulation (DES) and LES in Ansys Fluent are used as a numerical comparison. The results show that there is in general a good agreement between simulation and experimental data, and the LBM performs better than RANS and DES. Some deviations can be observed near the ground, close to the top of the cliff and on the lee side of the hill. The computational costs of the three techniques are compared, and it has been shown that the LBM can perform up to 5 times faster than DES, even though the set-up was not optimised in this initial study. It can be summarised that the LBM has a very high potential for modelling wind flow over complex terrain accurately and at relatively low costs, compared to solving N–S equations conventionally. Further studies on other sites are ongoing.