Abstract
Mining activities are among the most long-lasting anthropogenic pressures on streams and rivers. Therefore, detecting different benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the areas recovered from mining activities is essential to establish conservation and management plans for improving the freshwater biodiversity in streams located near mining areas. We compared the stability of benthic macroinvertebrate communities between streams affected by mining activities (Hwangjicheon: NHJ and Cheolamcheon: NCA) and the least disturbed stream (Songjeonricheon: NSJ) using network analysis, self-organizing map, and indicator species analysis. Species richness was lowest at sites where stream sediments were reddened or whitened due to mining impacts in NHJ and NCA. Among functional feeding groups, the ratio of scrapers was lower (i.e., NHJ) or not observed (i.e., NCA) in the affected sites by mining. The networks (species interactions) were less connected in NHJ and NCA than in NSJ, indicating that community stability decreased in the area affected by mining activity. We identified five groups based on the similarity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities according to the gradients of mining impacts using a self-organizing map. the samples from the reference stream (clusters 1 and 5), sites located near the mining water inflow area (cluster 4), sites where stream sediments acid-sulfated (cluster 2), and sites that had recovered from mining impacts (cluster 3). Among the 40 taxa selected as indicators defined from the five clusters in self-organizing map, only few (Physa acuta, Tipula KUa, and Nemoura KUb) indicator species were selected in each cluster representing the mining-impacted sites. Our results highlighted that the benthic macroinvertebrate community complexity was lower in streams affected by mining activity. Furthermore, the range of disturbed areas in the streams, where conservation and management plans should be prioritized, can be quantified by examining alterations in the benthic macroinvertebrate community.
Highlights
This study aimed to investigate the changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams near mining areas using modelling approaches
The co-occurrence networks revealed that the stability of the benthic macroinvertebrate community was lower in the streams located near mining areas than in the reference stream
This study demonstrates that the benthic macroinvertebrate community was less diverse and complex in streams located near mining areas than in the reference stream, with different functions and structures
Summary
Freshwater ecosystems are most vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances worldwide [1,2]. Understanding the patterns and drivers of biodiversity loss is essential for foreseeing the changes of freshwater ecosystems to environmental alteration and establishing conservation strategies [3]. Among the existing anthropogenic pressures (e.g., industrialization, urbanization, and land use changes), mining activities have the most long-lasting effects on streams and rivers [4]. In streams and rivers near mining areas, physical and chemical factors are vulnerable to changes, such as organic matter breakdown [5], conductivity increase [6], or sediment contamination [7,8], erosion or deposition [9]. Drainage water from abandoned mining areas (or active and historic mining operations) is the main input source of heavy metal pollution in adjacent streams [10,11]
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