Evaluation of the hydrological contributions of permafrost to the thermokarst lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau using stable isotopes

Abstract

Considering the widespread distribution of thermokarst lakes and their significant influence on the hydrological cycle in permafrost regions on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), it is necessary to study their hydrological regimes, which are responding to ongoing climate-induced permafrost thaw. In this paper, water isotopic tracers were used to assess the temporal and interannual hydrological variations and the hydrological processes of two thermokarst lakes (TL-A and TL-B) associated with thawing permafrost in Beiluhe Basin on the QTP. The isotopic results revealed significant differences between the two thermokarst lakes: the TL-A showed more positive isotopic values and small fluctuations than TL-B did. This can be attributed to the hydrological discrepancies between them. Based on the water isotopic mass balance (IMB) model and estimated evaporation, the contributions of permafrost melt water and precipitation to the thermokarst lakes were determined. In both 2011 and 2012, the contributions of thawing permafrost water to thermokarst lakes were of significance, as high as 61.3%. The modeled isotopic composition of input water (δI), and the relationships between climatic factors and lake water isotopes were evaluated. Results suggested that the two lakes originated from multiple sources and confirmed the modeling process well. It also indicated that thawing of permafrost significantly affected the development and hydrological regime of thermokarst lakes on the QTP. It is necessary to emphasize the significant impact of thawing permafrost on the thermokarst lakes on the QTP. Findings demonstrate that ongoing permafrost thaw may have major implications for thermokarst landscapes as climate change continues.