Abstract
BackgroundIn the current years, nematotoxic or antagonistic compounds for example, toxins, enzymes, or compounds derived from the metabolites of fungal culture filtrates have greatly increased.ObjectiveThis research was designed to evaluate two fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, commonly used only as bio-insecticides in Egypt for their nematicidal potential compared to Paecilomyces lilacinus, one of the most important fungi parasitizing on eggs of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita.ResultsThe tested fungi either as filtrate or spore affected egg hatching and survival of second stage juveniles at different degrees according to fungal filtrate dilution and spore concentration and exposure period under in vitro study. Under screen house conditions, the tested fungi as filtrates or spores were used to control root-knot nematode on cowpea. The overtopped significant results were gained with P. lilacinus filtrate at standard dilution and recorded the highest mean overall percentages nematode reduction (84.5%). The second rank was obtained by B. bassiana culture filtrate, where it significantly reduced all nematode numbers with a mean of 81.1% at standard dilution. M. anisopliae caused 78.5% as a mean percentages nematode reduction followed by other dilutions and untreated check. When using spore concentrations, the overtopped significant results were gained with P. lilacinus at the highest spore concentration (1 × 108) and recorded the highest mean percentages nematode reduction (85.3%). The second rank was obtained by M. anisopliae, where it reduced all nematode numbers as an average of 83.6%. B. bassiana caused 77.1% as a mean percentages nematode reduction at the highest spore concentration. At all cases, all treatments significantly promoted plant growth and yield criteria and these increases were positively proportional to the filtrate dilution or spore concentration higher than the untreated plants.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that B. bassiana, M. Anisopliae, and P. lilacinus as antagonistic fungi proved to be efficient against root-knot nematode, incognita infecting cowpea as they reduced nematode criteria which subsequently improved plant growth and yield of cowpea.
Highlights
In the current years, nematotoxic or antagonistic compounds for example, toxins, enzymes, or compounds derived from the metabolites of fungal culture filtrates have greatly increased
Laboratory studies Effect of fungal culture filtrates on egg hatching Data in Table 1 illustrated that culture filtrates of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and P. lilacinus inhibited
Effect of fungal culture filtrates on mortality of nematode juveniles Data in Table 3 illustrated that culture filtrates of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and P. lilacinus inhibited M. incognita juveniles at each exposure period (24, 48, and 72 h)
Summary
Nematotoxic or antagonistic compounds for example, toxins, enzymes, or compounds derived from the metabolites of fungal culture filtrates have greatly increased. The search for nematotoxic or antagonistic compounds in fungal culture filtrates has greatly increased in the last years, due to the toxins, enzymes, or compounds derived from their metabolites (Ciancio 1995; Liu et al 2008) Among these fungi, green muscardine, Metarhizium anisopliae, is considered a soil dwelling fungus with entomopathogenic characteristics. Most of these fungi act as saprophytes, and can secondarily invade already-dead eggs Among these fungi, P. lilacinus which is considered probably the most effective egg parasites and has been shown to successfully control root knot nematodes, M. javanica and M. incognita, on tomato, eggplant, potato, and other vegetable crops (Cayrol et al 1989; Aboul-Eid and Youssef 1998; Goswami and Mittal 2004; Goswami et al 2006; Haseeb and Kumar 2006). No work was done on the effect of two fungi, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, on root knot nematode or other plant-parasitic nematodes in Egypt
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