Abstract
The emergence of electric vehicles offers the opportunity to decarbonize the transportation and mobility sector. With smart charging strategies and the use of electricity generated from renewable sources, electric vehicle owners can reduce their electricity bill as well as reduce their carbon footprint. We investigated smart charging strategies for electric vehicle charging at household and workplace sites with photovoltaic systems. Furthermore, we investigated the participation of an electric vehicle in the provision of positive automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) in Germany from 30 October 2018 to 31 July 2019. We find that the provision of positive aFRR in Germany returns a positive net return. The positive net return is, however, not sufficient to cover the current investment cost for a necessary control unit. For home charging, we find that self-sufficiency rates of up to 48.1% and an electricity cost reduction of 17.6% for one year can be reached with unidirectional smart charging strategies. With bidirectional strategies, self-sufficiency rates of up to 56.7% for home charging and electricity cost reductions of up to 26.1% are reached. We also find that electric vehicle (EV) owners who can charge at their workplace can reduce their electricity cost further. The impact of smart charging strategies on battery aging is also discussed.
Highlights
The Paris Agreement aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below2 ◦ C
We evaluate the impact of the charging strategy, the mobility profile, the charging location and the state of charge (SoC) threshold SoCV2XLimit on the direct self-consumption rate (DSC), the self-consumption rate (SC), the self-sufficiency rate (SS), and the electricity cost of the household for the first year (Figures 8–11)
It should be noted that the electricity cost for the first year does not correspond to the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE)
Summary
The Paris Agreement aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below2 ◦ C. In Germany, the Renewable Energy Sources Act EEG aims to increase the share of renewable energies in the electricity. Most photovoltaic (PV) systems in Germany are operated by private individuals and farmers and more than 98% are installed in the low-voltage grid [3]. Battery electric vehicles (EVs) can provide this reduction as these vehicles can be powered by electrical energy generated from renewable energies. In order to unlock the full potential of these trends, the electrical energy demand of EVs should ideally be matched with the supply of renewable energy. For household installations with PV systems (prosumer households) different approaches have been studied in order to match the PV generation and the household load have been studied
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