Evaluation of the Effects of Returning Apple Shoots In Situ on Soil Quality in an Apple Orchard

Abstract

Fruit tree shoots are potential useful resources that are rich in carbohydrates and inorganic nutrients but that are not typically utilized in sustainable agriculture. Our objective was to evaluate the soil properties and soil quality of an orchard after returning apple shoots in situ and to investigate the contribution rate of apple shoots as an exogenous source of organic carbon for fertility amendment of the apple root domain. One-year-old apple shoots were pruned in spring before budding, chopped into 10 cm sections and placed on the soil surface. Soil samples were collected in the first year and third year after returning the shoots. Principal component analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and soil quality index (SQI) comprehensive analysis methods, combined with fuzzy mathematics, were adopted to evaluate the effects of returning apple shoots on comprehensive soil quality, including the soil fertility indicators, soil exchangeable cations, soil neutral sugar and amino acids. Increases in soil organic carbon (SOC), available potassium (K), and available phosphorus (P) were observed in different layers of the orchard soil with returned shoots over time. The total nitrogen (N) content decreased by 18.75% and 13.79% in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers, respectively, in the first year, but increased significantly in the third year. Significant increases in exchangeable cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) in the 0–20 cm soil layer were also observed in the third year after returning shoots, compared to the control. In addition, obvious accumulation of glucose and xylose was observed in the 0–20 cm soil layer compared to the controls in the third year after returning shoots. The total water-soluble free amino acid contents in the third year after returning shoots were 1.08- and 1.16-times higher, respectively, than those of the controls in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers. The SQI in the third year was higher than that of the other treatments in the 0–20 cm soil layer. This study suggests that abandoned apple shoots used as a supplementary carbon source for orchards enhanced the soil fertility of different soil layers, regulated the soil micro environment, and improved the overall soil quality.