Abstract
The clay samples endure the incorporation of industrial and urban wastes, which do not cause large variations in their properties if added in controlled quantities. Wastes can be classified as fuel, fluxing and property affecting wastes. The fuel wastes usually have a high amount of organic matter, that when heated cause exothermic reactions, releasing heat to the process. The fluxing wastes cause a reduction in the ceramic melting points. The main aim of this work was to study the behavior of ceramics incorporated with fuel wastes (Eichhornia crassipes dry biomass) and fluxing wastes (granite) as well as blends of both wastes. Different compositions were prepared with incorporation of different percentages of these wastes in the clay samples, conformed by uniaxial pressing and fired at 550, 650, 750, 850, 950 e 1050oC. The technological properties tested were: dry apparent density, linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural rupture strength. Results indicate that the high calorific value of the biomass waste represents a great possibility of saving energy for the firing process. Incorporations can be indicated as a possibility of correct destination for the investigated wastes.
Highlights
An increasing amount of all waste types is resulted by the human consumption habits combined with current industrial activities
Twowell-defined exothermic peaks between ±280 e 525oC, associated with a ±55% mass loss which shows that the biomass releases heat in this temperature range assisting sintering process of clay ceramics through heat releasing as well as energy savings during the firing process
The both wastes are classified as Class II A - non-inert in relation to the metals analyzed. These metals come from the Eichhornia crassipes phytoremediation assimilation, which is a characteristic of this plant, to absorb chemical elements from the environment in which they developed[25]
Summary
An increasing amount of all waste types is resulted by the human consumption habits combined with current industrial activities. The incorporation of industrial and urban wastes in red ceramic matrices has been widely used nowadays, both as alternative raw materials and as an environmentally correct waste disposal. The masses used in ceramic industry are heterogenic by nature, resulting in the presence of residual materials from different types and sources, even in high percentagens[2]. Waste incorporation can be beneficial to the final product, since the waste may have chemical or mineralogical compositions of interest to the ceramic industrial process or they can provide heat of combustion which reduces the energy consumption during the firing stage[3]
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